Airlines and refunds

There seems to be a big deal being made about how some airlines are being forced to issue refunds for canceled flights. Out of the six listed only one, Frontier, is an American company. Is there some reason the major American companies aren’t included? How many of us fly Air India, TAP Portugal, Aeromexico, El Al or Avianca compared to United, Spirit, Delta, Southwest et al? .

Both EU and US laws mandate reimbursement, among others.

I assume because the major American companies issued refunds as necessary and appropriate, unlike Frontier or the other carriers named.

[Bolding mine]

Listed where?

From a CNN article
“Ultra low-cost carrier Frontier Airlines is the only US airline to face fines related to refunds. Foreign based carriers face the majority of fines: Air India, TAP Portugal, Aeromexico, El Al and Avianca.”

OK, now I’m confused. Are they companies forced to give refunds OR companies fined due to not following the rules/law on issuing fines?

Yes.

Southwest, at least, refunded my Covid-era tickets quite promptly. First they offered travel vouchers, but when the plague entered 2021 they just refunded the purchase price without me asking.

That is my understanding.