Get yer hair ball articles here
Hmm. Well, Cecil, I certainly agree that cats sometimes bring up “sausages” of hair, but in six years as a vet (in the UK) I’ve yet to have to operate on an animal due to a blockage due to hair - or known anybody else do so. In fact the only reference for feline hairballs I’ve come across is James Herriot. Maybe I’ve just been lucky.
Humans, in contrast, do sometimes get trichobezoars* large enough to necessitate surgery - I believe they’re often associated with trichtilomania (habitual hair pulling, frequently with chewing) in young girls.
In terms of problems to the cat, I’ve seen quite a few cats which are off food and have a sore throat after vomiting hairballs - my own theory is that pushing the equivalent of an acid soaked sponge up the oesophagus is going to make it kinda sore; a local colleague reckons the whole hairball thing is a side effect of IBD and that the only reason the hair builds up is due to abnormal gut motility.
*the technical term, although whether something that squishy is really a true bezoar is debatable.