The problem with trying to ban performance-enhancing drugs is that our bodies are already producing many of these chemicals, and certainly not in a very “fair” way.
Consider an old case that is likely to be hotly discussed in a few years time: the finnish cross-country skier Eero Mäntyranta, who won multiple gold medals in the world championships and the olympic games in the early 1960s. He was at the time seen as a “miracle” skier, especially given that he had needed comparatively little training to reach (and maintain) his world championship level performance.
Subsequent research has shown that Mäntyranta lacks a gene for a protein that regulates the activity of the body’s EPO-gene. In other words, his EPO-gene is constantly “turned on,” which means that his body is constantly producing EPO, a performance-enhancing substance that increases the number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
Does this mean that Mäntyranta did not deserve his gold medals?
Should today’s athletes be tested for Mäntyranta’s gene deficiency (and prohibited from competing if they have this genetic condition)?
If yes, why should we limit testing to only the EPO gene? Should we not also be looking at the genes that help regulate muscle mass, and so on?
If no, how is this different from allowing EPO injections (which are currently banned)?
Due to genetic variation, the athletic playing field is already extremely unlevel. Furthermore, this “problem” is likely to get much worse as reliable genetic engineering for adults may be just around the corner. (Indeed, several biotech companies are already working on EPO gene therapy as a way to treat amenia–how many of you believe that this will not be a very popular treatment among endurance sport athletes?) It may be very hard or even impossible to detect if someone has undergone such treatment. I believe that we may have to accept this and learn to live with the thought that equality in sports is an illusion.
The only other long-term alternative, it seems to me, would be the establishment of fixed parameters for what is “standard,” allowable human genetic characteristics and blood content for athletes that wish to participate in competitions. Indeed, some organizations have already started walking down this path by establishing a maximum hemotocrit level (percent of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells). But, do we really want to continue down this path? It seems to me that it will lead to nasty places. A variant of this would be the creation of different “genetic classes” of athletes, but this seems to open up the same can of worms as rules for “standard allowable genes” with regard to implementation and possibility of stigmatization.
I believe that PE drugs and PE therapy in sports is here to stay. You may not like it, but you would probably like the long-term preventive measures a lot less.