Could a state decide to draft residents into it’s National Guard and/or State Guard (if applicable)?
Possibly not allowed by the 10th amendment since conscription was granted to the federal government in Article 1.
Here’s the relevant section of the Missouri state statutes.
41.490. State defense force — powers of governor. — The governor shall have the power to organize from the unorganized militia of Missouri a state defense force for duty within or without the state to supplement the Missouri National Guard or replace it when it is mobilized in federal service. The Missouri state defense force may be used to execute the laws, suppress insurrections, repel invasion, suppress lawlessness, and provide emergency relief to distressed areas in the event of earthquake, flood, tornado, or actual or threatened enemy attack or public catastrophe creating conditions of distress or hazard to public health and safety beyond the capacity of local or established agencies. The force shall consist of such organized troops, auxiliary troops, staff corps and departments as the governor deems necessary. The governor shall prescribe the strength and composition of the various units of the same, uniform and insignia and the qualifications of its members, and shall have the power to grant a discharge therefrom for any reason deemed by him sufficient.
The organized militia of the state is the National Guard, and the Governor’s authority over them is pretty clearly spelled out. BUT the unorganized militia is basically every adult.
The militia of the state shall include all able-bodied citizens and all other able-bodied residents, who, in the case of the unorganized militia and the Missouri state defense force, shall be more than seventeen years of age and not more than sixty-four, and such other persons as may upon their own application be enrolled or commissioned therein.
One can read the first section as giving the Governor the specific authority to call state troopers, prison guards, support staff and maybe even deputized county or municipal officers to help out in an emergency. Or one can read it as the state employees get called first, but if the emergency is big enough, anyone between 17 and 64 could be pressed into service.
And that is why we have courts to settle things like that.
The constitution of New Mexico says this:
ARTICLE XVIII
Militia
Sec. 1. [Composition, name and commander in chief of militia.]
The militia of this state shall consist of all able-bodied male citizens between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, except such as are exempt by laws of the United States or of this state. The organized militia shall be called the “national guard of New Mexico,” of which the governor shall be the commander in chief.
Sec. 2. [Organization, discipline and equipment of militia.]
The legislature shall provide for the organization, discipline and equipment of the militia, which shall conform as nearly as practicable to the organization, discipline and equipment of the regular army of the United States, and shall provide for the maintenance thereof.
I think, in an emergency, the governor could claim pretty broad power to call people up. (“It’s not conscription. You volunteered the moment you established residency.”)
Although that “as nearly as practicable” phrase could give conscientious objectors some wiggle room. (“I never went through Basic Training. Therefore, I’m not fit for duty.”)
In a similar way, sworn law enforcement or Police departments in cities and towns are a relatively recent phenomenon, so while not strictly quite what you are asking, before Police agencies it was the Sheriff’s department in each county of a state that was used to fill this role to some degree. When something big happened they had to be able to spool up the manpower quickly, and shut it down right away as well.
When there was say, a fleeing felon or jail escape or whatever, he had the authority to deputize the citizenry. It was also a crime to refuse this duty, which is why I think it qualifies to your point, at least if you squint.
Technically (though probably not enforced too much) visitors to US National Forests at least in some Western states are required to carry a shovel and a bucket (In addition to tents, sleeping bags, Beanie Weenies, &c.) I seem to recall vaguely that there is some sort of broad authority to impress available people into fighting forest fires.
As to old phrase in State constitutions. they are quite likely Unconstitutional as @TriPolar said.
But until they try to draft someone- which no state has since the civil war - the sections wont be challenged and remain.
In CA the Constitution gave its citizens the Right to Duel. It was taken out by a cleaning up of the language in a Proposition/amendments to the State constitution.
So, my bet is- if a state tried it today, it would go to the courts and be rather quickly struck down.