Daniel's 70 weeks prophecy

I’m very open-minded about the Christian faith and all the strengths of its arguments (that’s not the word I mean to use). I’m going to pursue a life of scholarly and personal philosophical study, b/c it’s incredibly engaging.

To be more specific, I’ve examined all the prophecies of messiah from all viewpoints, and choose to believe that Jesus of Nazareth does not fulfill them. I’ve done a search of the SDMB and looked at some old posts on Messianic prophecy, and none of them deal specifically with Daniel 9:27.

I think that I have a very good understanding of many different views on messianic prophecies, from all angles, but I want to stress that I don’t want to start a debate about messianic prophecies here- I read old posts, and great points were made, but I have a really good understanding already- I’m very aware on this topic, at least :rolleyes: :slight_smile: :wink:

Daniel’s prophecy of Ch.9, the only ‘time-oriented’ prophecy that supposedly refers to messiah, is a troubling one to understand

25 Know therefore and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince :smack: shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times.26 And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah :smack: be cut off, but not for himself: and the people of the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary; and the end thereof shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war desolations are determined.27 And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week: and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he shall make it desolate, even until the consummation, and that determined shall be poured upon the desolate.

I’ve read about it from many different angles, and even though I don’t understand all the math and science and scroll-interpretation behind it, I don’t believe that it’s a buch of crud made up for hocus pocus- but I have MAJOR reservations against it. I agree with sceptical Jewish scholars who argue that King James and other translations, as we see above, who substitute the phrase ‘the Messiah’ in place of ‘the anointed’ are BIASED and MISINTERPRETED; the term Messiah didn’t even exist when Daniel wrote the prophecy, and so he may very well have only referred to a coming KING.

I want a secular but non-biased look at this prophecy, one that considers these things specifically: assuming that Daniel was not referring specifically to the rebuilding of Jerusalem that Christian scholars point to supp happening in 450 BC (the month of Nisan in the twentieth year of Artaxerxes that Nehemiah refers to in Nehemiah 2:1), what other rebuildings of Jerusalem’s streets and wall in troublesome times could he be referring to? What else could the 483 ‘weeks’ represent? And assuming that he never intended the end of the paragraph to be applied to end-times prophecy (the one he refers to as ‘he’ being assumed to be the Antichrist by some and the sacrifice of desolation in the temple and the treaty he made with Israel), what else could those things refer to; also, let’s discuss what he could have meant with the flood at the end?

I also want to bring up another reservation I have against this prophecy- in order to fully understand that God supposedly let Daniel know that ‘Messiah’ would be ‘cut off’ exactly 483 years after the rebuilding of Jerusalem and it’s walls, it required 20th century collaboration between fields of knowledge such as astronomy, knowledge of the history of the reigns of kings in the time of Nehemiah and Daniel and so forth, studying of scrolls not discovered until the 19th century or so, and careful analysis of the combined prohecies of Daniel and other books of the Old Testament. It’s only in our incredible age of information that we could possibly figure out this supposed timeline of exactly 483 ‘years’ to the day from an event that may have quite possibly happened (decree to rebuild Jerusalem March 14th 450 b.c. or so) to another event that may have quite possibly happened (triumphal entry of Jesus of Nazareth on April 6th 32 AD or so).

Matthew was a Jewish man who wrote his book to convince the Jews that Jesus was Messiah. All the apostles at the time had the widely-publicized Greek bible, correct? (the name fails me- please correct me, it’s fascinating!) John wrote a non-synoptic gospel decades later, he was a different man with a loving heart with a different purpose, and he referenced different OT prophecies in addition.

When the apostles originally went out and spread the gospel, according to the book of Acts, and gained Jewish converts, the emphasis was on the fact that Jesus fulfilled the OT prophecies, and Christians now believe that when he returns he will fulfill the final set, that of the Conquering King (it’s actually quite incredible a belief, and inspires awe), in which time he will also finish the final ‘week’ of Daniel’s prophecy, the last 7 years of the 490. But I’m getting sidetracked!

The apostles and the Jewish converts they gained by quoting and pointing out prophecies from this widely-publicized greek bible (such as Paul and Apollos) they did so by using the prophecies, we rightly assume, that Matthew and John refer to in their Gospels.

Descendent of Abraham, Isaac, jacob, judah, david, solomon
Born of a virgin
from bethlehem
preceded by a forerunner, elijah reborn
preached in galileh
rejected by his own
did miracles, healing
betrayed by a friend for 30 pieces/silver
accused by liars
abandoned by his followers
led away as a lamb to the slaughter
hands and feet pierced
burial
resurrection
asscenscion

To reiterate, I don’t want a debate over the veracity of the OT prophecies, etc.- I know the angles, the arguments, the history, etc., and that’s not my goal. My point is that the only times in which it seems that Jesus and his followers refer to Daniel are:

1.) Jesus very much ref. to himself as ‘Son of Man’ -and-

2.) in his Olivet discourse, he supp. refers to the end times in which the sacrifice that causes abominations will occur, at which time Israelites should flee for the end is coming. This is from Daniel 9: 27.

My whole point is that it seems that none of the apostles who referred to OT prophecies and Jesus’s fulfillment of them refer to Daniel’s 483 weeks. Not even John, who may have written Revelations, in which he presents a fascinating look at how OT prophecies from Daniel, Zechariah, Ezekiel, Joel, and prophecies that Jesus supp. gave about the end times in the Olivet discourse all come together in the end. When you put it all together, all the symbolism that John refers to from the OT prophets and the stuff that ties in from Daniel Chapter 9 and the Olivet discourse, it makes me feel awe, I admit, even as a nonbeliever, these guys knew their stuff in any case.

I guess my point is that it seems as if the most probable way a believer would look at it is that God didn’t intend for believers 2,000 years ago to understand everything about Daniel Ch. 9, that he intended for humans to develop astronomy, historical documentation, mathematical precision, archaelogical knowledge, and prophetic coherency to the point where finally, in the 20/21st century, we fully understand how Jesus rode that donkey 483 years to the day after that city’s walls were rebuilt, even if it took us 2,000 years to figure out.

Such an argument would seem crazy to some but encouraging to others as another sign that we have solved one of the last pieces of the puzzle and thus could be nearing the end times.

I agree that it’s a case of typological “stretching” to make the story fit Jesus. You’re supposed, according to the typological-prophecy folks, to read the “weeks” as years.

It’s also important to recognize that the term Mashiakh – Messiah, or Christ – simply means “anointed one.” And anointing, at first by Samuel the prophet, and then by the High Priest, was simply the mark of recognition of kingship in Israel. Saul, David, Solomon, Rehoboam, Jeroboam, and all their successors were Mashiakhim, anointed kings.

Daniel was set during Exilic times, overlapping the reigns of Nebuchadrezzar, Nabonidus (for whom Belteshezzar was regent), Cyrus, and Darius. (“Darius the Mede” is anachronistic, by the way.) Most modern scholars date it to Seleucid times, somewhere in the vicinity of 200 B.C., with a fairly broad range each way from that date, but definitely not in its present form anything like contemporary with the times it supposedly was written about.

I would love to see what one of our scholarly Jewish members makes of it, and in particular of how it ties into Jewish Messianic doctrine, which I think was getting under way at its alleged time and definitely was strong by its probable actual time of composition.

That’s amazing how poor our historical records really are- the Babylonian captivity was 586 BC but lasted so long during the reign of the kings you mentioned that we really don’t know what century Daniel wrote, and if it was in 200 or such so far after 450 then it only hurts the timetable prophecy. I guess all we know about Daniel was that he came some time after Jeremiah’s writing and during Belshezar (pardon spelling), and still we can’t pinpoint.

I too am very interested in what the Jewish scholars have to say about the prophecy.

I stated before that I didn’t want to delve into a discussion of all the prophecies of messiah but just focus on this particular one, which is the source of such fascination and confusion, and I definitely want to continue with that. But I also wanted to ask about one other prophecy, just one, for the Jewish scholars, Zechariah 12:10

10 And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplications: and they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, and they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his only son, and shall be in bitterness for him, as one that is in bitterness for his firstborn.

In Christianity, John refers to this prophecy as being fulfilled when Jesus was pierced and looked upon by his crucifiers, and he also may have written in Revelations that Jesus will return on a cloud one day, and on that day all will see him and many will mourn, even those who pierced him; many see this as a definite reference to Zechariah’s prophecy.

Many Jewish scholars, so I’ve read on the Internet, have addressed this prophecy in the past through history, and some interpret it as YHWH referring to himself as being pierced by the nation of Israel in some way, either metaphorically or physically. Some rabbis believed that it referred to the future when Messiah would fight in the valley of Megiddo and die for his people.

The next few verses go into an area that is interpreted differently by Jewish and Christian scholars.

11 In that day shall there be a great mourning in Jerusalem, as the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon.

12 And the land shall mourn, every family apart; the family of the house of David apart, and their wives apart; the family of the house of Nathan apart, and their wives apart;

13 The family of the house of Levi apart, and their wives apart; the family of Shimei apart, and their wives apart;

14 All the families that remain, every family apart, and their wives apart.
And in Chapter 13:

1 In that day there shall be a fountain opened to the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for sin and for uncleanness.

2 And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the LORD of hosts, that I will cut off the names of the idols out of the land, and they shall no more be remembered: and also I will cause the prophets and the unclean spirit to pass out of the land.

3 And it shall come to pass, that when any shall yet prophesy, then his father and his mother that begat him shall say unto him, Thou shalt not live; for thou speakest lies in the name of the LORD: and his father and his mother that begat him shall thrust him through when he prophesieth.

4 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the prophets shall be ashamed every one of his vision, when he hath prophesied; neither shall they wear a rough garment to deceive:

5 But he shall say, I am no prophet, I am an husbandman; for man taught me to keep cattle from my youth.

6 And one shall say unto him, What are these wounds in thine hands? Then he shall answer, Those with which I was wounded in the house of my friends.

7 Awake, O sword, against my shepherd, and against the man that is my fellow, saith the LORD of hosts: smite the shepherd, and the sheep shall be scattered: and I will turn mine hand upon the little ones.

8 And it shall come to pass, that in all the land, saith the LORD, two parts therein shall be cut off and die; but the third shall be left therein.

9 And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried: they shall call on my name, and I will hear them: I will say, It is my people: and they shall say, The LORD is my God.

And Ch. 14:

1 Behold, the day of the LORD cometh, and thy spoil shall be divided in the midst of thee.

2 For I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and the city shall be taken, and the houses rifled, and the women ravished; and half of the city shall go forth into captivity, and the residue of the people shall not be cut off from the city.

3 Then shall the LORD go forth, and fight against those nations, as when he fought in the day of battle.

4 And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east, and the mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west, and there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and half of it toward the south.

5 And ye shall flee to the valley of the mountains; for the valley of the mountains shall reach unto Azal: yea, ye shall flee, like as ye fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah: and the LORD my God shall come, and all the saints with thee.

6 And it shall come to pass in that day, that the light shall not be clear, nor dark:

7 But it shall be one day which shall be known to the LORD, not day, nor night: but it shall come to pass, that at evening time it shall be light.

8 And it shall be in that day, that living waters shall go out from Jerusalem; half of them toward the former sea, and half of them toward the hinder sea: in summer and in winter shall it be.

9 And the LORD shall be king over all the earth: in that day shall there be one LORD, and his name one.

10 All the land shall be turned as a plain from Geba to Rimmon south of Jerusalem: and it shall be lifted up, and inhabited in her place, from Benjamin’s gate unto the place of the first gate, unto the corner gate, and from the tower of Hananeel unto the king’s winepresses.

11 And men shall dwell in it, and there shall be no more utter destruction; but Jerusalem shall be safely inhabited.

12 And this shall be the plague wherewith the LORD will smite all the people that have fought against Jerusalem; Their flesh shall consume away while they stand upon their feet, and their eyes shall consume away in their holes, and their tongue shall consume away in their mouth.

13 And it shall come to pass in that day, that a great tumult from the LORD shall be among them; and they shall lay hold every one on the hand of his neighbour, and his hand shall rise up against the hand of his neighbour.

14 And Judah also shall fight at Jerusalem; and the wealth of all the heathen round about shall be gathered together, gold, and silver, and apparel, in great abundance.

15 And so shall be the plague of the horse, of the mule, of the camel, and of the ass, and of all the beasts that shall be in these tents, as this plague.

16 And it shall come to pass, that every one that is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall even go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the feast of tabernacles.

To reiterate, this is an area that is interpreted differently by Jewish and Christian scholars.

Jewish believers would believe that this, I gather, refers to the coming Messiah and how he will protect the nation of Israel, gather his people together, fight for them in Megiddo even after their disobedience and idolatry once again brought death (1/3 die at this time) upon them, and kill their enemies once and for all. Messiah will then reign as the great king that Isaiah tells of, the one who brings in everlasting peace, and as Zechariah says, people from all over will bow down to the real god YHWH and his teachings.

Christian scholars, from what I have read, see these prophecies as referring to what Jesus will fulfill in the end times when he returns as a conquering king. <This is a point in which some of the Jewish readers may be offended, and I want to stress that I’m not an adherent of these beliefs, and that I realize that my understanding of these topics is basic and based only a general study>. Some christians believe that the reference to the 1/3 who die b/c of unfaithfulness die b/c they did not come to faith in Jesus as Messiah, and that the other 2/3 will come to faith in him as he fights the final battle of Armageddon, brings his people together in Israel, defeats their enemies, brings in an age of everlasting peace as Isaiah and others prophesied, and brings the world to God as Zechariah says he will.

My question about Zechariah is pretty much the same as Daniel; how do you interpret the ‘piercing’ of God or whom, is it widely considered messianic; any unbiased information is welcome!

Were you in Richmond Indiana yesterday?

No, I live in Virginia.

About time I edited my user profile. :smack:

Ah. Yesterday there was a sermon in Richmond by the guy who writes endtime magazine about this, I didn’t know if you were there and that is what brought this thread about.

Goodnight, and top of the page to ya! :cool:

I read two good articles at a Biblical Archaeology website which gave an interesting alternative view- that the Decree was actually the prophecy to Daniel & the Cutting off of the Anointed Prince was the killing of the High Priest Onias III under Antiochus IV.

http://www.bibarch.com/Articles/Article-The%20Decree%20of%20Artaxerxes.htm

http://www.bibarch.com/Perspectives/6.4C.htm

I still totally hold to the Artaxerxes>Jesus view, but I gotta admit that’s a good alternative.

I think it’s very interesting that Daniel’s prophecy is never mentioned in the New Testament, even by the writers who are the most interested in finding OT passages that apply to Jesus.

I predict that in August 2006, I’ll go to GenCon. Huzzah!

Sorry, couldn’t resist.

In the third grade, we had to do a book report on a biography, and I really wanted to do mine on Daniel, for some reason. I was devastated when my parents told me that Daniel was a work of fiction (you should know that we went to a very conservative Bible Church at the time), and pulled out their annotated Bible to show me the book’s preface, in which the annotators said there was no historical evidence that Daniel existed.

Until now, I never knew that people genuinely believed in that book. I figured that if my then-pretty-fundamentalist parents didn’t accept its veracity, nobody did.

Learn something new every day.

(As I learned way back when: instead of doing my report on Daniel, I did it on Mark Twain, and never looked back)

Daniel

My wife teaches Sunday School for kids from three through kindergarten. Kids that age can’t get some of the deeper theological lessons given older children, though their insight sometimes surprises them, and she sees her primary duties as teaching them that Jesus loves them and that going to church can be pleasant. One day the kids were doing some Bible-themed coloring and a kid decorated his picture with a dragon. Wife’s partner was incensed that the boy would put in something as non-Biblical and even irreligious as that but Wife told the story of Daniel and the Dragon. She said that the Hebrews so loved hearing Daniel stories that more kept getting written and, though it wasn’t in the “regular” Bible*, the kids should think of it like the direct-to-video “Lion King” sequels: maybe not as great as the original but still fun.

    • Having been raised Catholic, the Deuterocanonical Apocrypha were in my) Bible and if you leave out the apocryphal parts of Daniel you lose Bel and the lion’s den and, well, EVERYTHING! But nobody ever accused Protestants of being fun.

Actually, it is indirectly- by Jesus in his Olivet discourse (Matthew 24 & Mark 13) in which he alerts his disciples to watch for the Abomination of Desolation.

Also, The Revelation is one long repitition of the Abominations which will oppress Christians for three & one-half years, the division of the Seventieth Week (referencing the time of Nero’s persecution AND the Roman Siege of Jerusalem).

But what I think the main reason is there is no THIS IS THAT reference to Daniel’s Seventy Weeks- it was common knowledge that time was ripe for Messiah according to the prophecy. Interestingly, there is a Talmudic passage which forbids trying to calculate the time of Messiah using Daniel’s Seventy Weeks prophecy.

Daniel was set during the Babylonian exile but was written about 164 BCE, during the Maccabean revolt against Seleucid empire, just before the death of Antiochus IV.

The “70 weeks” basically outlines the period from the sack of Jerusalem by Babylon to the reign of Antiochus.

The annointed one “cut off” was Onias, the high priest.

Antiochus is the “prince” who “brings desolation,” who set up a statue of Zeus in the Temple and sacrificed pigs. Daniel predicted that Antiochus’ destruction would come “in the flood,” (“his” is often mistranslated in Christian versions as “it” to make it seem like it refers to Jerusalem but in Hebrew it’s a (failed) prediction of the death of Antiochus.

In fact, none of Daniel’s attempts at genuine predictive prophecy ever panned out.

More here about Daniel 9:26-27.

The Septuagint (often rendered in shorthand as the LXX). The authors of the Gospels were heavily dependent on it but it’s unlikely the apostles would have had it or even been able to read it if they did.

With the exception of the first, third and fourth items on your list, none of these things are Messianic expectations or prophecies found in the Hebrew Bible.

There are no OT prophecise that the Messiah will be born of a virgin, or will be “rejected” or betrayed, will be “pierced,” will die for anyone’s sins, will be buried or be resurrected. Furthermore, Jesus failed to fulfill any of the Messianic expectations that do exist in the OT (which include rebuilding the Temple, bringing world peace and causing the world to worship one God, for example).

Also, the audience for the Gospels was almost entirely Gentile, not Jewish. With Gentiles it was easier to fudge “prophecies” or decontextualize non-Messianic verses and force them to fit a redefinition of the Messiah.

Mark has Jesus refer to himself as “Son of Man,” (actually, “Son of Adam”) but that phrase, in Hebrew and Aramaic idiom just means “mankind” or “human being.” Daniel says the Messiah will be a “son of Adam,” meaning a human. Mark took that adjective and turned it into a Messianic title, which it wasn’t meant to be.

My whole point is that it seems that none of the apostles who referred to OT prophecies and Jesus’s fulfillment of them refer to Daniel’s 483 weeks. Not even John, who may have written Revelations, in which he presents a fascinating look at how OT prophecies from Daniel, Zechariah, Ezekiel, Joel, and prophecies that Jesus supp. gave about the end times in the Olivet discourse all come together in the end. When you put it all together, all the symbolism that John refers to from the OT prophets and the stuff that ties in from Daniel Chapter 9 and the Olivet discourse, it makes me feel awe, I admit, even as a nonbeliever, these guys knew their stuff in any case.
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It’s pretty easy to make predictions after the fact. The Olivet discourse was Mark’s allusion to the destruction of Jerusalem in the Jewish-Roman War in 70 CE (some scholars thing the OD better fits the 2nd Jewish-Roman War of 132-135 CE which would necessarily push Matthew and Luke back even further but I have my doubts about that). Matthew’s version is informed by Daniel, but it’s still about the Roman destruction of Jerusalem, not about the endtimes.

Or not.

Daniel has nothing to do with Jesus. It actually predicted the Messiah would come before the death of Antiochus. It didn’t happen. Sometimes the Bible is just wrong.

Unless the whole purpose of Daniel is to reenforce Hasmonean Messianistic claims. (In order to legitimize the rebellion against the Syrians and the Hasmonean dynasty, Hasmonean supporters made the argument that Judah Maccabeus, or sometimes another member of the family, was the Messiah. I forget how they tried to get around the fact that the Hasmoneans were Levites, but I seem to remember it was creative).

I actually thought of that, but I was afraid to ask! It just seemed so unlikely that the apostles and Jesus were capable of doing the math for it, and that Jesus was one of many born around the right time. It all makes sense though- they didn’t refer to the prophecy b/c they couldn’t, and anyways it was implied; this, added to the fact that the Septuagint was so widespread, explains why everybody and his brother was looking for Messiah, and in Acts we hear about the other false messiahs around that time (and in the Olivet discourse the writers are certainly referring to them).

Very true, and that fact is that I know that this list is not a list of Messianic prophecies, I’m making a short list of verses that the apostles would have used to claim Jesus as Messiah- I did say that I did not want to go into this area, but you are quite right. Matthew, John, and even Luke, who wrote Acts, use OT verses completely out of context as if to support Jesus, using it as a hypertext in many cases, using poetic verses literally, using specific verses ridiculously, etc. Christians argue ‘dual prophecies.’

Yep, I agree, again. See, I said

I know all about how the Gospel writers wrote about current events in order to encourage persecuted gentile believers- that’s what Revelations is, many skeptics believe (I’ve seen Last Temptation of Christ).

Many thanks for your historical analysis of the verse. The links that FriarTed gives are great, but I think you should start a website with this concise alternative take on the prophecy; you must know how hard it is to find another explanation like this.

One question though- you point out

You explained how the ‘anointed one’ was the high priest, Onias. I know now that Messiah is another term for anointed one. But you also say that Daniel predicted the Messiah would come before the death of Antiochus. That confuses me- the ‘anointed one’ refers to the high priest, not ‘the Messiah’ as I’m thinking of him, right?

Please clarify, and can you shed some light on Zechariah 12?

The authors of the Gospels used them. We don’t know what the apostles thought. of Christ).You explained how the ‘anointed one’ was the high priest, Onias. I know now that Messiah is another term for anointed one. But you also say that Daniel predicted the Messiah would come before the death of Antiochus. That confuses me- the ‘anointed one’ refers to the high priest, not ‘the Messiah’ as I’m thinking of him, right?
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We’re talking about two different characters. Onias was the one who was cut off, but then, starting in 10:16, Daniel begins to speak of “one like a son of Adam” who promises that he will defeat Antiochus and makes some predictions about the end of the world. This is usually read as the more traditional “Messiah” as the guy who will restore the kingdom of Israel, bring world peace, etc.

I’m guessing you’re referring to 12:10?

And they shall look upon me whom they have pierced and shall mourn for him as one mourns for an only son.

John changed “me” to “him” in the first sentence.

This is God talking. He’s talking about how he will destroy the enemies of Israel and then Israel will look upon God, who “they” (the enemies) “have pierced” (by attacking Israel) and mourn for “him” (those who were slain in battle as personified by a warrior king).

Correction to this, the verses say 2/3 of the Jews will die, 1/3 will survive to be strengthened by fire.

I’m a little off base on what you mean by the difference between them.

Matthew wrote his gospel, he was one of the apostles as listed in Acts- but I suppose what you mean is historically, who really spread the ‘gospel.’

Mark travelled with Paul, he wrote Peter’s account. Weren’t they all apostles?

Luke also travelled with Paul, wrote his gospel. Apostle?

John the apostle?

The disciples and Matthias and the converts like Stephen and Barnabas were all apostles.
I think I do understand, though- the original disciples didn’t have their whole story together when they started spreading the religion. They didn’t write the gospels, as we discussed, until at least 40 years, if not more, after the fact, so they had already spread the story and founded churches and created doctrines for Gentiles to follow about not having to be circumcised or follow dietary laws, etc. The apostle Paul in particular, I know, we can tell by his writing knew nothing of the Jesus that is written in the synoptic gospels; he had a concept of Jesus as a spiritual sacrifice who had gotten rid of the Jewish law, and besides that he knew nothing of his teachings, parables, miracles, actions, etc. He didn’t even talk about messianic prophecy, except he did quote the OT frequently.

Even though tradition attibutes the four gospels to the apostle Matthew, Peter’s assistant John Mark, Paul’s follower Luke, and the apostle John, it’s generally accepted now that they didn’t actually write the gospels that bear their names.

Most of the Pauline letters probably were written by Paul, though, except for some of the later ones, like Titus, Timothy, and maybe Hebrews, which probably weren’t.