Does a premium cell phone service exist?

One for the uber rich, those who wouldn’t mine paying maybe 100x or so the going rate to get priority on whatever network that they can reach?

I think you are looking for satellite phones like Iridium. I will have to look for the current rates but they used to run many dollars a minute. They have almost global coverage though which makes then invaluable to people in very remote places.

The entire scheme was hugely expensive when it was launched and the satellites were going to be burned up in the atmosphere when a group of investors persuaded Motorola to give them the satellites for a pittance. They still operate today.