Why do they charge so much? Short answer - because they can.
Long answer:
You’ve got to remember that to successfully bring one drug to market costs approximately (IIRC) $450 million. This is after 10-15 years of clinical trials, making sure the drug does what it’s supposed to, doesn’t kill anybody in the process, and isn’t the size of an ostrich egg.
On top of that, there’s the drugs that weren’t successful. There’s something like 3,500 concepts that get started. Of these, 5 make it to clinical trials. Of those 5, 1 will make it to market. Of all the drugs that make it to market, less than 1/2 will make enough to cover R&D. So the successful drug has to pay for all the drugs and all the ideas that didn’t make it.
The United States is one of the few countries that does not regulate prices. Some say that’s a good thing, others don’t. But something like 60% of the world’s medicines come from this country, and a lot of people are of the opinion that it’s the lack of price controls that allow for that. Higher prices bring higher profits, which allows the company to invest more in R&D. Right now, I work in a not-for-profit research institution. Biggest problem? Experienced, able, and innovative scientists are constantly being lured out to work in the private (read for-profit) sector for higher pay and better benefits (that’s not to say, however, scientists in not-for-profit jobs are incompetent. There are many who stay out of a sense of doing something that is a Benefit to Society. Sadly, they are in the minority. They have my complete and unreserved respect.)
Don’t forget regulatory issues. Drugs approved today in the United States sometimes have to wait 5-10 years before being approved in Canada.
If you want the best care available, you have to pay for it.
Finally, these companies aren’t being run by Scrooge McDucks in lab coats. The CEOs, boards of directors, presidents, VPs, etc. are all beholden to the stockholders. If their company isn’t making money that they can pass on, they fold and no one gets any more viagra.
All that being said…I am of the opinion that there are plenty of spots where pharmaceutical companies can trim the budget a little. A CEO doesn’t need to make $30 million a year to do a good job. Hell, I’ll do it for $100,000; I’m not greedy. Advertising? Take it off the airwaves, limit it to one page of print. Same goes for “educational seminars” for doctors that consist of 1/2 an hour of fluff about the drug and 3 days of scuba diving and caviar.
There are problems with all health care systems. Canada’s is slow and unreliable. But everybody is covered. You might have to wait 4 hours in the waiting room, but eventually, the doctor will burn off those warts for you. The United States’ is expensive as hell, and there are millions not covered. You can get the warts burned off in 30 minutes zip-flat, but it’ll cost you $300.
There is no easy solution. Price controls will bring the cost of the drugs down, but it’ll take a lot longer to get the next Flonase out to the market. You ask why they’re allowed to charge such exorbitant prices for needed medicines, I’ll turn the question around: why is the government allowed to deny NEEDED health care to millions of citizens? Because someone at the top decided that the needs of the many outweighed the needs of the few. They get more votes that way. Some countries believe that the needs of the many can be achieved by granting care to everyone, thereby denying new, potentially life-saving and timely care to the few. Your country has decided that the needs of the many are best realized by enabling the development of the newest and best care possible, thereby denying coverage to the few.
Get involved. Write your member of Congress. Sign petitions. Talk to your doctor about generics. Do price comparisons of various pharmacies (don’t forget, they tack their own profits on to the drug prices as well). The answer to quality universal care is out there somewhere; we just need people to keep looking.
In the meantime, there are programs run by the drug companies for people who can’t afford it. They’re not available to everyone, and they don’t provide all possible drugs, but they do help. You can get a list at http://www.helpingpatients.org/
Best of luck.