I manage a non-profit conservation organization and work closely with the board. In non-profits, there are two broad categories of boards - policy and executive.
A policy board typically acts as an advisory group that guides the organization. They define the organization’s mission and program, but the implementation of these is usually left to staff. A policy board usually has an executive director or similarly authorized employee who can enter into contracts, make personnel decisions, authorize expenditures, etc. A good policy board will act as Lamar Mundane describes - getting ideas from the community and focusing the work of the organization onto specifically defined needs or goals. In these organizations, though, the advisory board does not necessarily (although they do sometimes) do the work themselves.
In an executive board, the board members are essentially managing the organization. Executive boards are often found in non-profit organizations without full-time staff, in which the majority of the work is done on a volunteer basis. An executive board has to take a more active role in the day-to-day operations of the organization, and membership is usually more demanding than a role on an advisory board. This is not to say that these groups don’t have staff, but the employees here do not have the same level of responsibility as employees of an advisory board.
Sometimes, a single board serves both roles; sometimes an organization has an advisory board and an executive board, and sometimes there’s an advisory board and an executive director.
Speaking as someone who works for a board, I think that it’s very important for the board members to be involved in the work that the organization is doing. Just as important, though, is that the board communicates with the organization’s employees. When I started working here, nobody on staff really had any idea what the role of our organization was supposed to be, or what we actually did as a non-profit. It’s hard to get things done when you don’t really know what you’re supposed to be doing or why you’re doing it. By getting the board involved, we’ve gotten past that issue and better defined the organization’s purpose, but there’s nothing more demoralizing to the staff of a non-profit than an apathetic board.
There’s nothing more energizing than an enthusiastic board, either. We’re currently going through the same process (what should the organization look like and how do we get it there), and we’re starting to see the light at the end. It’s a lot of work, but it’s well worth doing - as long as you stick with the plan that you come up with.
Probably a little different information than you were looking for. If you have any staff-oriented questions, my email’s in my profile. Good luck with it.