We all know that sound from the office faxes from the 90s onwards.
What in the faxing process made that actual sound
Why did machines from different makes the same sound. Was there an international standard that was agreed so that every machine had this sound built into the machine?
Of course. It was the modem handshaking.
Just the audible tones corresponding to the data being transmitted that told the sender what capabilities the receiver had.
This page describes the process in the best table and has a great picture of it.
You are probably thinking of the modem sound, not the fax sound. I can’t remember what the fax sound was, but it was simpler than the modem sound you are probably thinking of.
The modem sound from the 90’s onward was longer and more complex because there was a longer and more complex negotiation. The fax sound was a simple request, which expected a simple reply.
FAX handshake sounds have mostly not changed. It is/was a warble between two pitches after the initial screech.
That’s for a 14,400 baud FAX which they never bothered to try to improve on. I honestly don’t know if there was a different sound that would have been heard before the 14.4kb technology was available.
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That video has a picture of a FAX machine but the sound is a modem connection sound not a FAX connection sound.
This should answer all of the OP’s questions