I used to know how to do this. In fact, I specifically remember doing it when I was designing a triangular knit hat. But I can’t for the life of me remember how anymore.
Can someone remind me how to find the dimension of the outside triangle based only on the radius of the enclosed circle?
Draw a radius going to the center of one of the triangle’s sides, and then draw a line from the center of the circle to one vertex of the triangle. That gives you a right triangle where one leg is the radius of the circle, and the other leg is half the length of the big triangle’s side. The pointy angle of that right triangle is 30 degrees, and from there it’s all trigonometry.
Jumping to the end of the problem, we find that the side of the big triangle is 2*sqrt(3) times the radius of the circle.