Have any malware programmers ever been caught?

Have they ever been prosecuted? Sent to jail?

The guy who wrote the infamous “Melissa” virus was sentenced to 20 months of jail time.

Related issue, just yesterday …

Source: Business Week - 05 September 2006

You need to make a distinction between writing software and distributing software with intent to cause damage. They are two different things.

In answer to your questions, Furryman, yes and yes.

It’s hard to compile a complete list, as sometimes the authorities of the country in which the accused is being prosecuted do not wish to publicize the outcome of a court case.

Here is a blogpost which will give you some examples further to that given by engineer_comp_geek.