Comcast is no different in these aspects than most any other cable company in the US.
HDTV and digital TV (or digital cable) are not the same thing. You can have SDTV transmitted digitally. The “digital transition” will not necessarily impact how cable TV signals are delivered at all - only over the air broadcast TV is necessarily impacted.
Your TV’s ATSC tuner capability is useful for picking up digital broadcast TV (with an antenna), both SD and HD. The NTSC tuner capability is useful (for a short time only) for picking up analog broadcast TV (no HD), and also for tuning analog cable signals (even on a digital cable service - channels below about channel 80 are normally transmitted in analog by the cable company). The QAM tuner capability is useful for picking up digital cable that is transmitted without encryption. Cablecard enables QAM tuning with decryption as well.
Not all HD is the same. Not only are there two major competing broadcast TV formats, 1080i and 720p, the signals can also be compressed (by the local broadcast station, or the local cable company).
Some/most HD channels on digital cable are generally encrypted. Cablecos and the content owners are trying to minimize piracy (unencrypted, it is trivial to record HDTV onto a harddrive). The Cablecos are also trying to minimize competition from standalone “time-shifter” boxes (TIVO without the fee), and to maintain the benefits of of their own HDTV DVR offers.
Some channels are offered without encryption, most notably local broadcast channels, not because the Cablecos are nice, but because they are required by the FCC to do so. Further, Cablecards are also offered only because the FCC mandates that they do so (in a poor attempt to force competitive alternatives to things like TIVO and Cableco DVRs). Unfortunately, the cable industry had their hand in writing the FCC requirements, so the Cablecard benefits are far from clear to date.
In my experience with Comcast, their unencrypted QAM is significantly compressed. I get the best HD picture by using the ATSC tuner with an antenna (for some channels, this antenna can be a decades old pair of VHF rabbit ears).
So, if you are in the broadcast range of Chattanooga, or Knoxville, try disconnecting your cable altogether for a moment and plug in an antenna (even old rabbit ears, though there are benefits to the new “digital TV” antennas - see antennaweb.org for more information).
Any clear HD signals you get from that setup are likely to be better than anything you can pull off of Comcast. Without any cable box, and the basic cable option, you should be able to get the basic cable (analog) channels AND the clear-QAM local broadcast channels (even HD). To get the “premium HD” channels (like ESPN-HD, Discovery-HD, HBO-HD), you will need a Comcast HDTV cablebox (or Cablecard). To get digital cable channels (channel 80 and up), without premium HD, you will need a standard cablebox (and an enhanced channel package service).
Hope that helps.