One piece of the answer (not necessarily the whole story): Because in the old days, not everyone was literate/knew the times for prayer (which as noted, does change with the changing times of sunrise/sunset), and not everyone had a watch. Of such practical considerations, traditions can be born. Aside from this, some mosques (in Egypt and Indonesia - no idea about other places) broadcast community news. I learned the details of neighbors who died by listening closely to occasional announcements from a nearby mosque at my old house.
I’m not sure what you mean by this. The call to prayer tells people it is time to pray. It’s not so that people can play huckle-buckle-beanstalk-find-the-nearest-mosque by putting on a blindfold and following their ears until they arrive at a masjid. In any case, on Fridays men are supposed to go to a masjid if possible, not just pray “wherever they are,” so your statement doesn’t reflect a particularly insightful view of Islam.
When I bought my last couple of cell phones in Indonesia, the feature was already installed - I had to disable it!
I’ve lived in Islamic countries most of my adult life - more than 15 in Indonesia, a country which is notorious for going wild with masjid loudspeakers. A typical story that has achieved urban legend status here and which may actually occasionally even be true goes like this: Foreigner moves near mosque. Loudspeaker blares VERY VERY LOUD call to prayer in the general direction of foreigner’s house.
Foreigner consults with friends and asks the culturally appropriate way to deal with this annoyance. Having been informed, he pays a visit to the mosque, explains his concern, and makes a donation.
Hallelujah, so to speak - the volume is turned down and the direction of the loudspeakers adjusted. But eventually, the volume goes up again, and the direction of the loudspeakers returns to zero in on the foreigner’s house … lather, rinse, repeat.
The other issue is that mosques compete - we’ve lived smack in the middle between two mosques that both seemed to be trying to outdo each other, noise-wise. That did occasionally get to be annoying.
But still, on the whole it isn’t a problem. Like others have said, it’s analogous to a train going by; you get used to it.
The argument that it shouldn’t be allowed because “it’s not traditional” concerns me. As a reason for stifling the free expression of culture and/or belief, it is pretty weak. Noise ordinances should do the trick, surely. Or we just as easily could have said “it’s not traditional” that women in the US should be allowed to vote, eh?