Truly, the answer depends on why you ask the question.
Canada is very often reduced to a bunch of outdated stereotypes, even by Canadians. So if you ask this question in general, you’ll get a bunch of banal general commonalities like hockey, curling, donut and automotive chains, politeness, bad weather, beer commercials, comedians old and new, “We are not the US” (though we kinda are), and Québécois (Newfoundland, Ukrainian, Indigenous, Multiethnic) food.
Equally, a bunch of banal regional commonalities, old and often dated stereotypes of moderate accuracy, based on the main regions: BC, Alberta, the Prairies, Ontario, Québec, The Maritimes, The Rock (Nfld.) and “The North”.
These dated stereotypes are often somewhat true, but do not well represent huge swaths of people. We used to be a nation of largely European immigrants, along with many other places. India and China have led the list more recently.
This quick Internet guide seems to offer exactly what you want.
If you need to bone up on history or specific citizenship questions, these might borrow very heavily from recommended reading materials and can sometimes be very “you wouldn’t know it unless you had read the textbook, even for Canadians”. So, like a college course, perhaps read what they recommend rather than general Canadian history. However, if they make no recommendations or you have specialized things you are interested in, let me know and I can give you other guidance. Maybe the Guide covers some of that. (On quick perusal, The Canada Guide seems exceedingly well done and fairly comprehensive…)