Funny you should mention that – there’s a lot you don’t know about the yellow pages business, and that lack of knowledge may be what’s preventing people, including you, from understanding exactly what you’re getting at.
While there may be one or two that I’m unaware of, the vast, vast majority of companies publishing yellow pages do not do their own printing. RR Donnelley is the largest printer of them, but there are many, large and small, around the country (in fact, many yellow pages publishers use multiple printers). The printers do it pretty much as you’d imagine – the yellow pages are just one particularly big order among hundreds or thousands that they take in a year. Some companies actually compile the books themselves, others outsource it, others still have sold the business entirely to independent companies (one of which, R.H. Donnelley, had a common origin with R.R. Donnelly – they got their start printing books for some of Sprint’s predecessor companies – but which now has completely separate ownership and management).
Yellow Pages publishers’ assets are not in printing machines --the assets are in customer lists and sales forces. For many years, yellow pages publishing was something that was done exclusively or almost exclusively by the telephone companies – competition is just now arising, and the competition is coming from upstarts (admittedly, often large upstarts).
Let’s look at the business. In fact, historically, it was as rapacious a monopoly as one could imagine – exactly the kind of thing you seem to be railing against. Incumbent yellow pages companies routinely realized returns on invested capital well in excess of 100%, and phone companies jealously guarded the phone number listings necessary to publish a competing product. Microsoft and heroin dealers looked with envy at the returns realized by the non-regulated but monopolistic yellow pages providers (it’s really much more complicated than that with the non-regulated business providing excess returns on the regulated local phone business, etc. But still).
Early competitors had to start from scratch – essentially, they took the local yellow pages and started calling people, offering them free or dirt-cheap ads in the first few editions of the book. The actual book – printing it and delivering it to customers, was a trivial expense compared to the effort required to compile the data that make up the book useful to consumers and desirable for advertisers. But it could be done – Clark McLeod was publishing yellow pages successfully before 1996, and his became more popular in many of his market areas than the Bellcos’.
That changed with the telecommunications act of 1996. Telcos were compelled to make their lists available to competitors. This, combined with the enormous returns the business had (and has) is what spurred competitors to try a second book in a territory. While they might use the same printer (or not), they are not doing so with the cooperation of the incumbent provider. Indeed, the incumbents had to be dragged kicking and screaming into the new environment. They sued over using the word “yellow,” they sued over using the color yellow, they sued over everything.
OK. Now, if you’re a small business, it is kind of annoying right now. Because yes, you have to advertise in both books (I’m not aware of any major market areas with more than two competitive books, though I’m sure they exist) to ensure that all consumers who consult “the yellow pages” will see your ad. But competition is relatively new. You’re already starting to see more innovation – coupons, internet ads, package deals with cable TV advertising, etc., that make the overall process of reaching customers more attractive for small businesses. You’re also seeing a slowing of the growth in prices, despite that yellow pages advertising is one of the more effective uses of ad dollars, particularly for small firms. In the longer run, one can expect that a competitive yellow pages product will result in lower total realized prices for advertisers as competition drives returns down from the supra-normal levels that monopoly allowed.
Given that, I’d suggest that the yellow pages business is a weird enough one-off that it’s not a good hypothetical for making any larger point of any kind.