Are you out of space in your icloud account? I tried backing up to icloud ONCE. When I found out the amount of space they give me for free on icloud wasn’t even enough to back up my phone I said bye to icloud and never use it for anything.
That’s most likely the problem- iCloud backup doesn’t work over cellular. And if you were connected to someone else’s wifi, your connection might have been throttled to the point where it was much too slow to do a backup. And anyway, you probably don’t want to be backing up your data over someone else’s wifi.