Prompted by the city/colony of New Portland on tbe (pretty lousy) series Pandora. Lots of examples out there, let’s make list.
(To clarify, it can be a whole planet/moon and not just a city, but if the name you give is not in the form of the word “New” (or other language equivalent, such as “Nova”) followed by the name of an existing real Earth city, then it is off-topic for this thread.)
So, like, New New York is in, but New London and New Crobuzon are out?
New New York, from Futurama.
The completely different New New York, from Doctor Who.
Neo Tokyo, from AKIRA.
(The first and third are, granted, the original cities rebuilt, but…they fit the spirit, I would say.)
Why would New London be out?
Real city. Though there may be a fictional New London as well?
OK, in an old Tex Murphy video game he lives in New San Francisco.
“Steelheart” by Brandon Sanderson has Newcago, which is short for New Chicago.
Ahah…never heard of it, before, obviously.
(Checking, there strangely doesn’t seem to be any significant fictional New London.)
New Chicago in Buck Rogers
Seems to me that there could be more than one New London, each named after the original London in England. And a New New London.
Doctor Who got carried away with this and at one point the Doctor and companion visited New New New New New New New New New New New New New New New York.
Pretty sure they only visited New New York (twice), though the Doctor mentioned New (x♾) York during the visit.
“New New York” was the short version of the name of the city on New Earth - the full name had the fifteen “new’s” but it was awkward to say so everyone abbreviated it. So it’s all the same city.
Cyberpunk 2020 (role playing game) had Night City in the Free State of Northern California voted worse place to live in America in 2077.
The Mote in God’s Eye
The early setting is in orbit around the planet of New Chicago. It has one more, Evanston. The origin of the moon’s name is obscure.
Not a specific sci-fi story but a collective modern popular fantasy, the secret Nazi base in Antarctica that none of us know about is sometimes called New Berlin [or at least that’s the name that it’s not shown on the secret maps we have never seen].
More here.
The town so nice, they named it … fifteen times?
Star Trek has a New Berlin on the moon.
Aaaand, the first person to provide an answer utterly unrelated to the OP even though I was very explicit about the topic.
Nothing will ever beat Cartman and a pack of sea otters riding into New New Hampshire on a flock of ostriches.
Sound the nafferty!
There is a New Vanuatu (settlement) in the Mars Trilogy but Vanuatu is a country not a city.