A somewhat obscure movie from 1979 called Scavenger Hunt comes to mind. In this movie a game tycoon dies and, as stated in his will, the family is to divide into teams and is sent out on a scanvenger hunt to obtain the items without purchase (many of them would be hard to obtain without buying them). Most of the action takes place over the course of one afternoon.
Steven Spielberg’s made -for-TV movie Duel (1971) also takes place in one day as an innocent motorist is continually antagonized by a truck driver.
Since someone mentioned Groundhog’s Day, I’ll mention 12:01. A made for TV movie based and named after the short story that Groundhog’s Day was based on. But in both movies, the very end of it takes place on the next day.
An excellent double bill for this would be Fail Safe, which also qualifies as per the OP. Strikingly similar to Strangelove, 'tho without the comic element to the madness.
In the animated world
“Alice in Wonderland”
“Peter Pan”
“Spirited Away”
I think “Star Trek: The Motion Picture” makes it. Although on this I’m a bit fuzzy.
Can’t give you JC2, because of the last scene in the film. “23 Years Later”, remember? And Donnie Darko is a little hard to figure, because of the way it’s structured, but the film shows many different nights and days, which I feel puts it out of the running.
It may begin with him waiting for the Bus in Atlanta, but it ends with him waiting for the Bus outside his home, with his Son going off to school for the first time. Apparently some time has passed between the two incidents.
I was going to suggest that but then I remembered that one night they went into the attic and found the medallion. So day one Chunk witnesses car chase. Night one they find the medallion. Day 2 they go to the place. Night 2 they find the ship. Day 3 they escape. Right?