jb_, you’re taking this all too seriously.
I’ll probably give up pretty soon.
peace, we’ll give this one last try.
If I look at Desmond Tutu and Karol Wojtyla, I see two people who are obviously not closely related. By your comments, I deduce that you also see two people who are not closely related. Fair enough.
Many people have looked at the differences between those two gentlemen and said “they must be intrinsically different.” It certainly appears that way. In the 19th century, a number of ethnologists attempted to classify what the differences were between the ancestors of those two gentlemen and classify them into races.
More recently, however, biologists who were trying to categorize those “obvious” differences ran into a problem. They could (possibly) put Desmond Tutu into one group and Karol Wojtyla into another group and find various physical characteristics that distinguished them as individuals. (They also found that a number of characteristics that they assumed would be different actually turned out to be no different–or that a characteristic that was assumed to be part of Tutu’s group showed up every bit as frequently in Wojtyla’s group.)
Now, having put Tutu and Wojtyla into different groups, we should be able to follow a path between Krakow, Poland and Klerksdorp, Transvaal and categorize every person we meet into either the Tutu group or the Wojtyla group or into a different group from either of those. However, as we start out and begin testing people we run into a problem. Lots and lots of people in Wojtyla’s group have all sorts of characteristics that we expect to find in Tutu’s group. As we get closer to Transvaal, we continue to find lots of people with characteristics of Wojtyla’s group.
It is true that at each end of the “spectrum” the people have enough similarity to be recognizable as belonging to either the Tutu or Wojtyla groups. However, there is no place along the path where we can say Tutu’s group ends and Wojtyla’s group begins. In fact, when we get to the Tutu end of the line, we find that there are a lot of people with Wojtyla characteristics. If we never found a place where the people “changed” from one group to the next, how can we claim that they are separate groups?
The characteristics can be skin color, HLA types, or anything else you care to choose. The most that we can say after examining the data, however, is that a person with characteristics A, B, and C is more likely to have grown up near Traansval and less likely to have grown up near Krakow, (or, possibly, to have grown up near Khartoum and have a wide variety of similarities and differences with both groups).
We can find more of many characteristics at one end of the spectrum than at the other, but aside from the superficial ones of skin darkness, we cannot identify any charateristics that will clearly belong only to one group or the other. At that point, we have looked at an entire spectrum and arbitrarily decided that the two ends are different, even though there is no point on the spectrum where we can say “here ends group A and here begins group B.” We are imposing cultural expecations on data that does not support the conclusion.
Now, if the HLA frequencies that you finally provided had shown how to identify a member of any group based (even on a “constellation” of) those traits, your argument might have held up. However, we do not find that in the data. What we find is that some characteristics are “more likely” to appear in one group or another. We still find individuals in each group that have all the characteristics of the “other” group. Therefore, your “comstellations” do not exist as an objective reality. They are interesting from the perspective of finding lines of descent or chances of similar mutations, but they cannot be used to describe race.
Claiming that “races exist” in the face of the evidence Collounsbury provided last week, that clearly shows that it does not exist, simply indicates that you are willing to impose your cultural presuppositions on the data.