I’ve always liked Donovan’s song Atlantis, and his subsequent turn at self-parody on Futurama as well 
Plus two other members of the Dead (Bill Kreutzmann & Mickey Hart), Jack Casady of the Airplane, David Crosby, and Graham Nash. (Although most of them appeared only on a few tracks.)
Possibly Red Barchetta - the lyrics do seem to hint at an Orwellian dystopia.
Might be worth mentioning that They Might Be Giants have an entire album of songs about actual science:
It is awesome. Mind you, the last track is the whimsical The Ballad of Davy Crockett in Outer Space so that probably qualifies as science fiction.
Moons of Jupiter - Scruffy the Cat
Planet Claire - B52’s
Best lyrics on the album.
I came in here to mention C&C, although they veer awfully close to cringe-worthy. In fact, The Amory Wars has a perfect trifecta of self-insertion cliches: there’s a somewhat “Mary Sue” protagonist (Coheed), Claudio Sanchez named another character after himself, and he writes himself into the story as the self-aware author of the story on IV.
C&C is great music and terrible fiction, and I wouldn’t have 'em otherwise. They also HAVE to win an award for “Longest full track listing in my media player” with “Coheed and Cambria - Good Apollo, I’m Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness - 13. The Willing Well II: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness.”
I could have made myself clearer- BSS has been my single favorite album for 38 years, in spite of Sinfield’s (and Lake’s) lyrics.
Agreed about Keith Emerson. Although I’m glad he focused on rock music, he could have been a monster classical pianist. The only rock keyboardist I’ve ever heard who had “two right hands.”
How about Porno for Pyros’ Pets?
I’d forgotten how cool that was, Malthus.
That was 1974. G-d, I’m old.
Not rock, but rap.
Kool Keith’s “Dr. Octagon” persona is, to quote Wikipedia, an “extraterrestrial time traveling gynecologist and surgeon from the planet Jupiter”.
I like the whole album, but the title track 3030 is great and easy to link to.
Iron Maiden’s Caught Somewhere In Time
or
Iron Maiden’s To Tame A Land (based on Dune)
Grandaddy’s The Sophtware Slump wonderful, if bittersweet.
How about a space rock opera…Brendon Small’s Galaktikon.