Dewey, I thought I’d address this part of the OP to help you get a better feel for these terms. I’m bowdlerising the brewing process quite a bit to impart the gist.
Yeast: microscopic fungi that “eat” carbohydrates (in this case, malt) and “expire” alcohol and carbon dioxide. Take a bottle of water, add in malt, then hops, then the yeast … and the yeast makes both the alcohol and (some) carbonation for you. There’s your beer. Yeast itself tastes kind of “bready”.
Malt: germinated grain that is dried out to halt growth. Just throwing ungerminated wheat or barley grains into water gets you nowhere. The grains must be split open and germination must have begun for the yeast to be able to do its stuff.
Malt itself, before use in beer-making, can be modified by roasting – from barely roasted for light-colored beers with little malt flavor, all the way to roasted into “black malt” for porters and stouts which are pretty much malt bombs (yum, I say
). Every intermediate roasting level in between is used somewhere, which give the world of beers a pretty wide color gamut.
Hops: technically the flowers of the humble hops plant (a climbing vine), the hops that go into beer look like little green pine cones. Hops are sensitive to the soil conditions they are grown in, and can vary in taste and aroma depending on where they are grown. Generally, hops gives beer some bitterness – sometimes too much, as in the IPAs that you’ve sampled. Some varieties of hops impart more aroma and less taste to beer.
Hops are typically added to wort (= malted water, for our purposes) at a stage before yeast is introduced. I don’t believe hops are necessary to make an alcoholic beverage out of malt, water, & yeast … but without hops, the result won’t be very beer-like.
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OK, then. Your main flavor vectors are malt & hops. If the malt is practically unroated and sparingly used, and the hops are also skimpy, the result is a typical mass-produced brew (Bud, Coors, Heinken, etc.). If you have a nice dark malt and a middling level of hops, you’ve got a nice dark stout beer (Guiness is popular, but other varieties such as Watney’s Cream Stout blow it out the water). Lightly roasted malt and a generous hand with aromatic hops? There’s your top-shelf lagers such as Pilsner Urquell. Sub out some the barley malt with wheat malt and kick up the aromatics (hops plus items like coriander and orange peel), and you end up with the better wheat beer varieties (weizens, hefeweizens).
And of course, there are many variations on the theme. And I hadn’t even gotten into the difference between ales and lagers, or any of that stuff. But this post should give you a start.