Ernest Manning was Premier of Alberta for 25 years, from 1943 to 1968. He is the second longest serving provincial Premier, coming behind Premier Murray of Nova Scotia, who was in office for 27 years straight.
Ernest Rutherford, later 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson (his birthplace), was a New Zealand physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908.
His image is on the obverse of the New Zealand $100 note.
Exactly one hundred years later in 2008 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded to Osamu Shimomura (MBL and Boston University Medical School), Martin Chalfie (Columbia University) and Roger Y. Tsien (University of California) “for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP”.
Glowing proteins are “guiding stars” in biochemistry allowing researchers to develop ways to watch processes that were previously invisible, such as the development of nerve cells in the brain or how cancer cells spread.
The last Pope to take the name Celestine was Pope Celestine V.
He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines. He had been Pope for only five months of 1294, when he resigned, stating his desire to return to his humble, pre-papal life.
Upon abdication Celestine V was imprisoned by Pope Boniface VIII in the castle of Fumone, Campagna, where he died two years later at the age of 81. No subsequent Pope has taken the name “Celestine”.
(Well, two of his own pieces anyway. Any capture obviously involves moving two pieces too!)
Castling was added to European chess in the 14th or 15th century but did not develop into its present form until the 17th century.
Another 15th century innovation was the “en passant” rule. It followed the introduction of a rule that gave pawns an initial double-step move in order to speed up play. En passant was introduced to avoid players gaining an advantage from using the two-square advance to bypass an adjacent enemy pawn who could have otherwise captured the advancing pawn.
The World Chess Hall of Fame (WCHOF) is in St. Louis, Missouri. Formerly located in New Windsor, New York; Washington D.C.; and Miami, Florida, it moved to St. Louis in 2011.
Superman and Batman first appeared in a the same comic book in World’s Fair Comics in 1940, though they were featured in separate stories. The success of the one-shot (one of two comics DC did relating to the New York World’s Fair of 1939-40), led to an ongoing feature – named “World’s Best Comics” for the initial issue and then renamed “World’s Finest Comics” after Best Comics enjoined them from using the name. The two characters had separate adventures until 1954, when they teamed up together and continued to do so until 1970.
The Kent State shootings were on May 4, 1970. Four were killed and nine wounded, one of whom was paralyzed. No member of the Ohio National Guard who fired into a group of unarmed students and campus visitors on that tragic day was ever convicted of a crime.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency began operation on December 2, 1970, after President Richard Nixon signed an executive order. The creation of the EPA was spurred in part by the 1969 Cuyahoga River fire, one of at least 13 reported fires on the river. the Cuyahoga River is famous for being the “river that caught on fire”. Kent, Ohio lies on the Cuyahoga River.
The Kingdom of Kent, founded by the Jutes, was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon heptarchy, but it lost its independence in the 8th century when it became a sub-kingdom of Mercia.