Although popular legend credits Pope St. Gregory the Great with inventing Gregorian chant, scholars believe that it arose from a later Carolingian synthesis of Roman chant and Gallican chant. It was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches, or by men and women of religious orders in their chapels. It is the music of the Roman Rite, performed in the Mass and the monastic Office. Although Gregorian chant supplanted or marginalized the other indigenous plainchant traditions of the Christian West to become the official music of the Christian liturgy, Ambrosian chant still continues in use in Milan, and there are musicologists exploring both that and the Mozarabic chant of Christian Spain.
Episcopal Church doctrine does not definitively state that the wine and wafer in Mass (more commonly called communion, or the Eucharist) actually turn into the blood and body of Christ. It is considered a mystery of faith. Episcopalians thus do not embrace the doctrine of transubstantiation as Catholics do.
Guillaume Apollinaire (né Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki), the outstanding poet of the early 20th century, who coined the words “cubism” and “surrealism,” frequently incorporated religious images, such as the Eucharist, in his poems.
The largest mass surf rescue in Australian history took place at Bondi Beach in Sydney on Sunday 6 February 1938 when freak waves washed over 250 people into deep water. Despite the efforts of lifesavers, five people drowned. The day has been known ever since as “Black Sunday”.
The Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers were a Canadian football team based in Toronto, Ontario and a member of the Ontario Rugby Football Union, a league that preceded the Canadian Football League. They appeared in four Grey Cup championships spanning three decades and were the longest tenured member of the ORFU.
Grey’s Monument is a statue of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey in the cente of Newcastle upon Tyne, in England. It stands atop a 40m high column and was built in 1838.
The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station, a station on the Tyne and Wear Metro located directly underneath.
The original name of the New York Mets, from 1960, was the Metropolitan Baseball Club of New York. This mirrors the name of the baseball club that played from 1880 to 1887 whose name was the Metropolitan Club, or the New York Metropolitans. The legal name of the Mets has since been changed.
The Metropolitan Opera (the “Met”) is a company based in New York City. It performs at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Centre.
It was founded in 1880 as an alternative to New York’s old established Academy of Music opera house, whose “old money” subscribers were unwilling to admit the *nouveaux riches *industrialists as members.
The transcontinental railway line across Australia includes the section known as the Trans-Australian Railway, which crosses the Nullarbor Plain from Port Augusta in South Australia to Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. It includes a 478 km stretch of dead-straight track, the world’s longest.
At no point along its route does the *Trans-Australian Railway *cross a permanent fresh watercourse.
According to Adelaide-born astronaut Andy Thomas, the line is identifiable from space, because of its unnatural straightness.
During construction of the transcontinental railway across the continental United States, on 28 April 1869 the Central Pacific Railroad set a record by laying 10 miles and 56 feet of track in one day. That is still the record for the most track laid in any single day, a record that still stands today.
The bulk of the laborers who built the CPRR’s portion of the railroad, from Sacramento eastward, were Chinese, mostly hailing from Shandong Province. Most of the Union Pacific’s laborers, working from Omaha westward, were Irish. Both railroads began construction during the Civil War, depending largely on paroled Confederate POW’s as a labor source, but had to resort to foreign recruitment when most of them went home at war’s end.
Westland was the last of the 10 New Zealand provinces to be created; it was also the shortest lived. It was established in 1873 after separating from Canterbury, and ceased to exist in 1876 when the provinces were abolished.
Of the regions of Germany, the northernmost is Schleswig-Holstein, the easternmost is Saxony, the southernmost is Bavaria, and the westernmost is Westfalia.
The Schleswig-Holstein Question was a complex diplomatic and territorial issue arising in the 19th century. It concerned the relations of two duchies, Schleswig and Holstein, to the Danish crown and to the German Confederation.
The British statesman Viscount Palmerston is reported to have quipped: “Only three people have ever really understood the Schleswig-Holstein business—the Prince Consort, who is dead—a German professor, who has gone mad—and I, who have forgotten all about it."