In the interest of getting Double Darren’s persistent hijack about violence in the Qur’an out of the hair of everybody who’s trying to talk about reading requirements at UNC, I’ll try to contribute a little of the historical/theological context that he seems to be unwilling to go look for on his own. (I have also filled in the sura numbers that his source omitted or got wrong.)
*When the sacred months are over, slay the idolaters (non-Muslims) wherever you find them. Arrest them, besiege them, and lie in ambush everywhere for them. If they repent (convert) and take to prayer and render the alms levy, allow them to go their way. God is forgiving and merciful. Sura 9:5 *
Context: Observance of time-limited peace treaties with members of non-Muslim groups at war with Muslims. If the treaty expires and is not renewed, Muslims are permitted to resume hostilities. Cf. sura 9:12–13: “If they violate their oaths after pledging to keep their covenants, and attack your religion, you may fight the leaders of paganism - you are no longer bound by your covenant with them - that they may refrain. Would you not fight people who violated their treaties, tried to banish the messenger, and they are the ones who started the war in the first place?”
*Prophet, make war on the unbelievers and the hypocrites and deal rigorously with them. Hell shall be their home: an evil fate. Sura 9:73 *
Context: This section is mostly about the sin of hypocrisy in those who promised to be submissive to God and broke their promises. The verb translated as “make war on” in your quote is translated as “strive against” in the translations I’ve seen, and I have seen no support for the interpretation that it should be read as a literal encouragement to physical violence.
*“Believers, take neither Jews nor Christians for your friends. They are friends with one another. Whoever of you seeks their friendship shall become one of their number. God does not guide the wrongdoers.” [5:51] *
Context: Alliance with opposing non-Muslim groups in civil strife for the sake of political expediency is discouraged, as clarified in the next sura: “You will see those who harbor doubt in their hearts hasten to join them, saying, ‘We fear lest we may be defeated.’ May GOD bring victory, or a command from Him, that causes them to regret their secret thoughts.” In other words, Muslims are expected to stick together in open support of their faith and not to compromise for political reasons.
*Fight against such of those to whom the Scriptures were given as believe neither in Allah nor the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His apostle have forbidden and do not embrace the true faith until they pay tribute out of hand and are utterly subdued. Sura 9:29 *
Context: Non-Muslims had to pay an extra tax in a Muslim kingdom, and could be compelled by the state to do so if they resisted complying. Religious discrimination, sure, but hardly the license for mass slaughter that you seem to be trying to infer.
*Fight for the sake of Allah those that fight against you, but do not attack them first. Allah does not love the aggressors. [2:190] *
What the heck are you objecting to in this? Unless you’re demanding a profession of total pacifism under all circumstances, what’s wrong with an injunction not to hurt people who aren’t hurting you?
*Kill them wherever you find them. Drive them out of the places from which they drove you. Idolatry is worse than carnage. But do not fight them within the precincts of the Holy Mosque unless they attack you there; Sura 2:[191] *
Context: Another slanted translation. The ones I’ve seen say “You may kill those who wage war against you, and you may evict them whence they evicted you. Oppression is worse than murder. Do not fight them at the Sacred Masjid, unless they attack you therein. If they attack you, you may kill them.” In other words, you are allowed to retaliate against aggressors.
Larger context: Remember that for much of Muhammad’s life there was open hostility, and sometimes actual violent conflict, between the converts to his reformist monotheistic movement and members of the existing established religion (esp. the Ka’ba cult in Mecca), which he openly criticized. All of the conflicts in his own lifetime were with peoples of the Saudi peninsula, some groups of whom were converts to Judaism (which has at some periods in history been more active in proselytizing/conversion than modern Jewish practice approves of) and some to Christianity. Remarks in the Qur’an about idolaters, Jews, and Christians can’t be understood in ignorance of the historical context of political conflict.
There, Darren, does that help? If you still have questions about the exact meaning of the above passages, I can read Classical Arabic and am willing to go dig up the original text and some of the traditional exegeses in order to give a better sense of it. But you will sure as hell have to take it to a new thread if you want me to do that kind of work for you.