I just did a lot of reading to post this answer. It ain’t a short one… but I was curious too, so what the hell.
Basically there are 3 main componants sitting in fron of your face. The glass, the 3 colored phosphors behind the glass (that light up) and a piece of metal called a shadow mask.
Quote from one of the sites I was reading;
“The shadow mask is a metal grillwork that allows the three electrons beams to hit only specific phosphor dots on the inside of the tube’s front surface. That way, electrons in the “blue” electron beam can only hit blue-glowing phosphors, while those in the “green” beam hit green-glowing phosphors and those in the “red” beam hit red-glowing phosphors. The three beams originate at slightly different locations in the back of the picture tube and reach the screen at slightly different angles.”
Anywho, the shadow mask has to have the same thermal expansion characteristics of glass (so the glass and the grillwork are perfectly alligned at all times, regardless of heating and cooling) and aparently the metal used is called Invar. This is a metal that magnetizes easily. And since moving, charged particles are deflected by magnetic fields, the electron beams that light up the phosphors are being deflected and hitting the wrong phosphors.
Just imagine 3 guys with red, blue, and green paintball guns (electron beams) shooting at red, blue, and green targets( phosphors), respectively. Red shoots at red, blue at blue, etc. (mind you my lovely example excludes the fact that they should be shooting each through color specific holes in a metal wall in front of them, but I think you’ll follow without it)
This is how a normally functioning monitor behaves. Now we bring in the magnetic field. The magnetized field will cause mr red paintball gun to shoot at the blue target sometimes, causing a purpley color, thus distorting the color of the target. Same thing on your monitor. Sometimes red is red, but othertimes it’s purple or whatever.
Degaussing, which gets rid of the field, causes them to be straight shooters once again. YAY.
Also, in case you were curious, the process of degaussing is exposing a magnetized item to fluctuating, and ever decreasing, magnetic fields.
another quote
“To demagnetize the shadow mask, you should expose it to a rapidly fluctuating magnetic field that gradually decreases in strength until it vanishes altogether.”
I hope that’s enough. I read like 5 different web sites, so if you want cites, there weren’t any concise ones to choose from.