If a miscreant is over 14, the Crown can ask to have an “adult” sentence made, and the judge will decide whether or not to do so (YCJA s. 62(b) combined with s. 72(1)(b)). (There are also provisions for the most serious of crimes to presumptively attract an “adult” sentence.) So don’t worry about near-adults skating simply by virtue of their being a little under-age. It doesn’t work that way.
IMHO, the YCJA falls down in two places.
- The first is that the YCJA is based on there being adequate child welfare services, including social work, psychological, and psychiatric services, available to help the miscreant get his life straightened out. Often these services are not funded to the degree necessary to make them available to the degree that they are needed. Without the adequate provision of services to make alternative sentencing successful, the law is sometimes toothless. As it stands, the sentencing provisions of the YCJA are good at keeping directionless youths from receiving real jail time for minor matters. This is good, for the last thing that we need is for directionless youths to develop in the wrong direction, which is a probability if they spend much of their teenage years behind bars. Where the sentencing provisions of the YCJA fall down is that is presumes that adequate resources will be in place to properly deal with youths who receive non-custodial sentences, but often these resources are not in place.
This is where one comes across young miscreants who know that if they stick to minor offences, they will only receive a slap on the wrist without significant jail time – essentially a badge of honour for them to brag about, rather than be required to participate in a custom tailored series of treatments, programs, and close supervision that might help them mend their ways.
- The second is that the rules limiting disclosure of a miscreant’s youth criminal record sometimes stand in the way of letting the Court receive a full depiction of the miscreant’s past. The sections that deal with this are very complicated (which in itself is a problem), but in general, the YCJA has various restriction on when a miscreant’s youth criminal record may or may not be disclosed. Usually, the record will be buried after a few years, but there are provisions to dredge up the youth criminal record if the miscreant commits a serious crime as an adult within a few years of having committed a crime as a youth (e.g. s. 120(6) combined with s. 120 (3)), following which the youth criminal record will no longer be buried.
On its face, this sounds good. For repeat youth miscreants, the Court sees the full record. For repeat adult miscreants, the Court sees the full record if the matter was a serious one and took place within a few years of the offence committed when the miscreant was a youth. Miscreants who actually grow up and become good citizens do not wear a scarlet letter earned when they were young and stupid.
On a deeper level, however, there are problems with preventing youth criminal records from being disclosed when criminal law comes in conflict with family law.
In family law, no one gives a crap about the adults. Everything comes down to what is in the best interest of the child. Sometimes it is in the best interest of the child to know the full criminal record of the adult, including the criminal record of that adult when that adult was a youth. One runs into the problem of the adult miscreant’s youth criminal record being protected from disclosure to the detriment of the best interests of a child who is still a child. I think that this part of the YCJA needs to be cleaned up.
Here is an example. A couple of welfare bums had a baby. The baby was taken in by the maternal grandparents and ignored by the bio-dad despite efforts by the grandparents and by social services to involve him. After five years, the bio-dad hooked up with another welfare bum who wanted children, so he sued for custody. When he was 14 he had been convicted for buggering a couple of children. When he sued for custody, he was in his early 20s. I submitted that bio-dad’s youth criminal record was relevant in deciding if he should have custody, and the Court agreed, however, given the timing of the events in this scenario, the YCJA prevented such disclosure.
Here is another example along the same lines. In Ontario (a province of Canada, and subject to the YCJA), all the parties seeking custody or access must disclose their criminal records to the Court (Family Law Rules r. 35.1 via associated Form 35.1). I have asked a couple of Family Court Judges how a person who’s YCJA record cannot be disclosed should answer the question: “I have been found guilty of the following criminal offence(s) for which I have not received a pardon,” and I have also asked how a youth should answer the question “I am now charged with the following criminal offence(s).” The local judges are kicking this around. The policy wonks that I spoke with in the Attorney General’s office down in Toronto are kicking it around. As it stands, I expect that because it is a conflict of law issue, the federal YCJA will trump the provincial Family Law Rules.
Similarly, there is a conflict between the YCJA and the FLR’s r. 35.1(3) when it comes to police record searches. If a person seeking custody or access is not a parent (for example, a grandparent or other relative, or a previous foster parent, or just plain old Jack the Diddler down the street), that applicant must have the police disclose to the court his or her criminal record. Again, there is a conflict between the YCJA and the FLR.
I truly hope that I am mistaken in my belief that the federal YCJA trumps the provincial FLR when it comes to youth criminal record disclosure, for if I am correct, then the system is protecting miscreants from having their youth criminal records disclosed at the expense of the best interests of children who may be subject to abuse by such persons.
The obvious solution is for the YCJA to be amended so that it does not put the interests of adults seeking custody or access ahead of children who’s custody or access is being decided potentially in favour of the applicant with the hidden youth criminal record.