Without getting too intense or “Instructor-ish”, I figured I’d clarify some points for the non-divers who may read this. (Yes, jk1245, you should consider certification :))
Air is made of 20% oxygen and 80% Nitrogen (roughly). This is cool on the surface. As one breathes under pressure (under water) the percentage stays the same, but the partial pressure (actual pressure exerted by each different gas) increases with depth. This is fine until the Nitrogen reaches a “magical” pressure. The build-up of nitrogen can cause “narcosis” which is a mild to strong euphoric, drunken-like state. Imagine impared judgement at 100 ft. Not a good thing.
As one stays at depth for longer periods of time, the amount of Nitrogen dissolved in the blood increases (with pressure and time; it’s a non-linear curve). If one has lots of nitrogen in the blood an high pressure and then moves to lower pressure, the nitrogen can’t be dissolved in the blood as efficiently, so it comes out - as tiny bubbles. This can have tremendously bad effects that are usually lumped into the category of DeCompression Illness (DCI). To combat this, limits are made for time spent at specific depths (this ain’t an exact science). The “maximum” depth for sport diving is 130 to 140 ft., depending on the agency. To stay too long or close to too long increases the chance of DCI. To this end, the diver should ascend slowly, hanging out at specific depths for some time to allow the nitrogen the time to come out slowly, via gas exchange in the lungs.
Now for preventative measures. Since the nitrogen is the culprit here, anything one can do to decrease the amount of nitrogen dissolved in the blood is good. Either raw amount or rate.
option 1) Don’t go too deep. If you do go deep, don’t stay long.
option 2) Don’t stay long. If you intend to stay awhile, don’t go too deep.
option 3) Breath “air” with less nitrogen than “regular” air. This is the idea of NITROX. Nitrox has a nitrogen percentage of 60% to 79%, depending on the mix. This is more correctly called Enrich Air Nitrox, since regular air is (to be picky) nitrox.
option 4) If you need to go REAL DEEP for a LONG TIME remove lots of nitrogen and replace it with a light weight, inert, unreactive gas. Helium does the trick. This is called Tri-mix (Nitrogen, Helium, Oxygen). You can’t replace the removed nitrogen with all oxygen because it begins to have problems of its own at high partial pressures.
As Mrs. Spritle’s friend told her: Scuba diving ain’t rocket science, but if you do it wrong, you could die.
Sorry to be so verbose, but I kinda’ thought background info might be helpful, specifically after reading some of the non-diver responses.