Another reason to complain about the essay on the SAT is because of the subjective way it can be graded, and because of the colorless, rote style that it reportedly rewards. One newspaper (the New York Times I think?) submitted anonymous essay samples taken from great authors of the past and had them graded by the SAT board; IIRC, most of them didn’t do too well. It seems the College Board liked to have a standard paragraph start with a declarative topic sentence supported by three examples, etc.
The reason they changed the test is because some of the major college systems were threatening to drop the SAT requirement altogether, more or less because of continuing disparities in scores among certain groups. As mentioned before, the College Board is a private company, and rather than lose its big customers, it changed the test. Supposedly, the new test is easier to properly study for, and you can work your way up to higher tiers in ways you couldn’t on a proper aptitude test.
Even so, among colleges considered to be on the “vanguard” of such things, there is a strong de-emphasis on SAT scores. In an affirmative action lawsuit from a year or two ago, it was famously revealed that in the University of Michigan admissions system, a student who got a perfect 1600 on the SAT (very, very difficult to achieve) was awarded only 12 admission points; a minority student (except for Asians) was automatically awarded 20 points. In contrast, a 4.0 GPA netted you 80 points. That should show you the relative importance of SAT scores at some schools (and the University of Michigan is one of the top universities in the nation).
I’m surprised no-one has mentioned the SAT-II tests. Lots of colleges now require at least two or three of them; these are the subject tests – a couple hours testing your knowledge in one area. That’s probably the US equivalent to the intense English tests mentioned in the OP. There are also the AP tests, but I think they are mostly used to determine whether you should get some college credit, not as part of the application process.
Well, as others keep saying, it depends on what kind of college you want to go to. But things can get pretty cutthroat when it comes to college admissions in some places, and it goes way beyond grades. My cousin started working on SAT prep books in middle school. It sometimes seems like half the kids involved in clubs and sports and community service in high school are only doing it to pad their applications. (Hopefully, in the process, they’ll get all the regular benefits of joining clubs and sports and community service organizations, regardless of their initial reason for joining.) It was reported that on September 11th, 2001 in New York there were high school kids talking about how glad they were that they now had a foolproof college essay topic. Urban legend? Maybe, but sadly it rings true.