It’s an old puzzle by Sam Loyd, I believe. He did several things concerning differnent measure systems; he asks, e.g., about the difference between a dozen dozen pounds of feathers and half a dozen dozen pounds of gold. It is added in the original text that the first appearance of that puzzle had been in 1914.
Another thought about it (nitpicking, of course): This might be the case if you just consider the gravitational force that pulls your samples downwards; but if we consider the pound (or, for Europeans, the kilogram) a unit of mass, not force, the buoyancy stuff doesn’t work because mass is fixed. A kilogram on the moon has only 1/6 of the force it would have on Earth, but the mass is still one kilogram.
While kilogram is without any doubt a mass, not force, unit, the thing is more complicated for the pound; I think many technicians use it for expression of engine thrust in aircraft, etc.
In my experience, a large majority of the time, “pound” refers to a unit of weight or force, and usually when it’s meant as a unit of mass, it will be called “pound-mass” or something like that.
One thing I’m surprised nobody’s mentioned: In their respective standard systems, a pound of feathers is indeed heavier than a pound of gold, but an ounce of feathers is lighter than an ounce of gold.
I don’t disagree with you, Darwin’s Finch. But, from Pound-Mass:
“In industrial and commercial usage, the unqualified term ‘pound’ may be used to mean pound-mass (instead of pound-force), but this usage is to be discouraged.”