Advent of Prophet Adam PBUH in the light of Holy Books:
The subject is very simple to be comprehended. All the three major religions viz Islam, Judaism and Christianity - and all the Divine Books; The Holy Torah, (the Old Testament) - the Holy Gospel (viz the New Testament) - Zaboor (the Psalms) - and the Holy Qur’an, are agreed upon at one amongst other facts is; that Prophet Adam and his wife Eve PBUT are the ascendant parents of the entire human race. Modern science has also proved this fact. In this regard I quote an excerpt from an article, Adam & Hawa (Peace be upon them) by Mekaeel Maknoon which has been uploaded on a website:
“The question to be put is not so much, “What are the names of the first man and woman”? but, “Do we really have a common ancestor?” and “How much do I know about humanity’s common ancestors, Adam and Hawa?”.
**“The religious and scientific answer to the first question is simply yes! On 11th January 1988, the Newsweek Magazine carried an article which stated that studies by molecular biologists of an international assortment of genes had put them on the trail of the mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). **
The studies were carried out on both black and Caucasian women “with ancestors from Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia”. Despite the fact that the women “were from widely different racial and geographical backgrounds”, the geneticists “found that all had identical stretches of the mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited only from mothers and therefore not a mixture of parental genes”. This has led them from a Qur’anic and Biblical perspective back to the idea of a common ancestor: "to a single woman. The report went on to say, “most evidence so far indicates that Eve”…“was more likely a dark-haired, black skinned woman (who) lived in sub-Saharan Africa.” It is believed that our common ancestor - African Eve - must has lived “between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago”, and this is consistent with the findings related to Adam. This finding adds weight to the Biblical and Qur’anic statements about the existence of a Hawa (Eve), the mother of all humanity, who was not a product of an accident or chance in nature, but was created and fashioned by the Creator. Also, it is yet another piece of evidence for the authenticity of the Holy Qur’an, stating long before this discovery:
“The Revelation of this Book is from Allah, the Exalted in Power, Full of Wisdom… He created you (all) from a single Person:… created, (out of it) of like nature his mate… and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women” (S. 39:1,6: S: 4:1).
This passage was also telling the men of science that to progress their understanding about humanity’s common ancestor they must seek to establish Hawa’s origin and indeed humanity’s from a single individual, named Adam.
It is therefore not surprising to learn from an article in The Times on 23rd November 1995 that following a scientific study of the Y-chromosomes in a mixed- race group, Dr. Michael Hammer, a geneticist from the University of Arizona, was able to establish that all men do have a common ancestor “of African origin”, who lived less than 200,000 years ago. The article went on to say “this opposed a theory that mankind evolved in different regions of the Old World from an earlier ancestor, Homo Erectus (apes)”. What is now missing is for scientists to find the evidence which links Hawa to Adam; perhaps they will find the answer among the DNA of the bones, in particular, the lower ribs.
As regards the second question,
Science has very little to offer human beings who again, must resort to the Divine revelations to acquire deeper knowledge of their common ancestor. Even the fact that Hawa (Eve) was dark-skinned was already known to scholars of Islam. E.W. Lane, in his Arabic-English Lexicon, (Book 1, Part 2, p.661), says that the name Hawa (the Arabic equivalent of Eve) signifies “a brown colour, redness inclining to blackness or a colour intermixed with the blackish red dust like the rust of iron”.
In short, she was black or, if you prefer, a dark-skinned women.
The creation of Eve: a sign and a phenomenon:
The story of Adam is of universal significance not only because of what is related about him but also for what we can learn about his “mate”. The name in the Torah to Adam’s mate is Eve, there is no explanation how she acquired this name, whether from the Creator or Adam, it simply appeared at the beginning of Genesis, Chapter 4. According to Islamic Tradition, that same person is known by the Arabic name Hawa, and not Eve although again, this name does not appear anywhere in the Holy Qur’an. As regards the creation of Hawa, the information in the Torah can be summarized as follows: The LORD God said, “it is not good that man should be alone; I will make him an help meet” …the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam… and He took one of his ribs… and made He a women… and brought her unto the man… and… Adam said,… “she shall be called woman” (Gen. 2:18,21-3)
The Holy Qur’an confirms that Hawa was indeed created out of Adam but is silent on the specific process used in her creation. It states:
“O mankind! Reverence your Guardian-Lord Who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, his zaowja (wife/mate), and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women” (S. 4.1).
Stephen Jay Gould, the Harvard paleontologist and essayist, say, “… it makes us realize that all human beings, despite differences in external appearances, are really members of a single entity that’s had a very recent origin in one place. There is a kind of biological brotherhood that’s much more profound than we ever realized”.
This is the very point that Allah has related in the Holy Qur’an, which evidently Mr. Gould was not aware of, or perhaps, like many others, did not want to accept until it was endorsed by science. Do they not see though, how far modern science lags behind the teachings of the Holy Qur’an?
It is evident from the above stated Qur’anic verse and Torah that Hawa’s creation is a phenomenon - she is the only woman that was created from a man, but clearly not by the natural process that women would give birth. Her creation is significant, a sign and the second part of the three - part phenomenon of human creation. First was the creation of Adam, a human being who was made out of nothing, using only water and earth; second, the creation of a women (Hawa) as explained above, and third, the creation of a man - Jesus (pbuh) - out of a women without the participation of a man. All three creations are on the same footing in being unique, evident reasons for faith in Allah, and were all made possible by only the commanding word “Be” from the Almighty, attesting His power and knowledge of the secrets of the heaven and the earth, and of what is revealed and concealed (S. 3:59; 76:1-3).
In terms of religion and as a phenomenon of human creation, it is easy to understand the rank held by Hawa’s creation. An unmarried woman who conceives is open to all kinds of questions about the circumstances under which she became pregnant. In contrast, there is little that can be said where a women is formed out of the sole male human being in existence - that creation is undoubtedly a great feat at which humans should marvel.”
In contrast to the Torah, the Holy Qur’an does not say that Hawa was created from Adam’s rib, but says that she was made “of like nature” to him, and this fact is confirmed by reality and what is known about the human body. The biblical statement “God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam… and He took one of his ribs… and made He a women” (Gen. 2:18, 21-3), can be interpreted literally or as an allegory, the result however, in my view, is the same whichever interpretation is applied. This biblical notion, though no authenticated by the holy Qur’an, is supported by the following Hadith. In the absence of any Qur’anic foundation one might argue that their authenticity is thus subject to a measure of doubt. Nevertheless, these historical sources state: Abu Hurayrah (RA) relates that the Prophet Muhammad (saw) said: Treat women kindly. Woman has been created from a rib and the most crooked part of the rib is the uppermost. If you try to straighten it, you will break it and if you leave it, alone, it will remain crooked. So treat women kindly. (Bukhari and Muslim)
Another version is: A woman is like a rib; if you try and straighten it, you will break it and if you wish to draw benefit from it, you can do so despite its crookedness.
Another version is: Woman has been created from a rib and you cannot straighten her. If you wish to draw benefit from her, do so despite its crookedness. If you try to straighten her, you will break her and breaking her means divorcing her.
[This paper is based on a lecture given at the Belfast Mosque in March 1997 - the underlining is mine, this Scribe]
And perhaps due this meaning, ‘darkish’ of Eve the adjective; ‘evening’ - the period following the sunset and night has been derived. I repeat the perhaps!!!
The Human History begins with Advent of First Human Couple:
There is an adage in Urdu which if I translate is; ‘Mullahs run ends at Masjid’. And for other clergy of creeds I would say; their run end at the ancient Greece. In fact the history of human race has commenced with the commencement of the ‘First Parents of Humankind’ in this world. Thereafter as the time succeeded, the divergence among the humankind also succeeded accordingly, in terms of faiths and hence in terms of cultures and civilizations and languages like many other things. Humankind has been disagreed in ways of thinking and doing but they could not deny or alter the nitty-gritty of humankind which implies the unity of origin of human race. The presence of counterfeit currency does not mean that the real currency was nullified or replaced. Similar is the case of Islam. Humankind brought about so many counterfeit versions of religion but this does not mean nullification of Islam. The Prophet Mohammad PBUH being the last Prophet, Allah Almighty determined to preserve Islam in the lasting form. And the outcome is before us that everything has been changed & changing but Islam, for Islam is the religion for the entire cosmos right from the day one till the day last. Hence many things have been corrupted but Islam, for Allah Almighty has been safeguarding it Himself. Thus some Muslims even might have corrupted but so far the Religion of Islam is concerned it has been intact. It is said that round about 73 outfits have either been or have to be come out in Muslims - this phenomenon has tainted some Muslims but never the Divine Religion; Islam.
So far splintering in other creeds is concerned albeit save Islam all other creeds are man-made still similar has been the case in them viz Judaism, Hinduism and Christianity, wherefrom also many cults of assortments have been branched out.
Those who are searching his or their identity simply in a certain civilization or culture must not forget that every civilization and culture sprouts wholly or partly from a religion. Civilizations and cultures are peripheries not the nuclei - civilizations and cultures are the symptoms not the essence - civilizations and cultures are the shadows not the substance and may be said; civilizations and cultures are the wears not the wearer.