Usage of the word Liberal
In the United States, the common meaning of “liberal” has evolved over time. In the 19th century it denoted classical liberalism. After World War II, it came to refer to left-of center (but anti-socialist and anti-communist) new liberalism. As McCarthyism and the reaction to Communism made the use of most left-wing political terms (including “socialism” and “social democracy”) anathema in the U.S., the former New Dealers and others to the left of center adopted the name “liberal”.
To distinguish themselves from these, those in the U.S. who were closer to classical liberalism adopted the name “libertarian”, a political stance closer to modern conservatism than to modern liberalism. Since approximately the Reagan era, the word “liberal” has been so much used as a derogatory term by U.S. conservatives that much of the left now adopts the term “progressives”.
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Some positions associated with contemporary U.S. liberalism
In the early 21st century, the term “liberalism” in the United States has become somewhat confused, applied to a broad spectrum of viewpoints. As the Democratic Party, generally seen as the standard-bearer of liberalism, adopted the more centrist outlook of the DLC, the term “liberal” (applied to the party as a whole) became associated even with more centrist candidates and issues who, for example, support the death penalty or take pro-business positions. For this reason, and because many on the farther right have so heavily used “liberal” as a pejorative, many Americans on the left of the political spectrum prefer to use the term progressive to describe their views, disassociating themselves from what they see as an increasingly conservative politics that still holds the name of liberalism.
Some Americans define liberals as those who support the use of government power to promote equality, but generally not to promote order. U.S. liberals also are more likely to openly support the legitimacy of government social intervention than are conservatives.
The following views could be considered typical of American liberalism today:
Support for government social programs such as welfare, medical care, unemployment benefits, and retirement programs.
Support for public education.
Support for trade unions - right of labor to organize.
Regulation of business - OSHA, child labor, monopolistic practicies, etc.
Support for civil rights (examples):
Oppose discrimination based on gender, race, age, religion, sexual orientation, or disability.
Support rights of women and minorities, particularly racial and religious minorities, the disabled, and homosexuals.
Some further support such programs as affirmative action and multi-lingual education.
Support broad voting rights.
Support for abortion rights.
Support for strong environmental regulations.
Support for public transit.
Support minimum wage requirements.
Support for government funding to alternative energy research.
Opposition to the death penalty.
Some further support for animal rights - as an issue of ethical human behavior.
Support for gun controls.
Contemporary use of the term as a pejorative
As discussed above, the most common contemporary U.S. use of the term liberal is somewhat at variance from the use of the term in the rest of the world, and with the historical meaning of the word in the U.S. through the mid-20th century (new liberalism versus classical liberalism). (See Liberalism and Liberalism in countries for discussion of these issues of usage).
The term liberal is sometimes used as derogatory or politically undermining label by those on the more conservative end of the political spectrum. It can imply an overly free-spirited, unaccountable, and compromised character (a libertine), or someone in favor of vast and needless government intrusion into peoples lives (see Big government).
U.S. conservatives in recent years, often those of the Republican Party, sometimes use liberal as a subversive adjective for anyone who is a member of or supports any policy of the Democratic Party.
Some think that conservatives have been successful in undermining progressives as “liberals”, by deliberate public relations campaigns, and through repeated use of the word in ways that associate it with irresponsibility. (See, for example, Limousine liberal; another commonly-used phrase is tax-and-spend liberal.) Republican talk radio personality Rush Limbaugh is often credited with the perpetuation of these phrases. (See also Politicized issues, propaganda).