From notebook code to the actual program with C++

Absolutely (for the OPers purposes there is no difference between GCC and Clang) but getting a natively compiled windows executable for Clang on windows is easier than GCC

I am very late to reply to this thread, but I need to champion Kotlin, a reasonably new language. It was originally popular in the Android app dev world, but it also works great as a back-end language.

It takes the best concepts from C, C#, Java, Python, Ruby and others. It runs on the JVM.

It is an ECMA language that can be compiled or used as a scripting language.

My kids are still on Scratch level, which is effectively a drag/drop logic language, but next up for them is python and Kotlin