Has Obama's election had a measurable effect on the aspirations of poor black children?

Factual Questions
1

I have heard that there is a certain amount of defeatism among black children regarding their future. A while back, I read about a survey that claimed many if not most black children didn’t expect to live past their twenties. Has the election of Obama had a positive effect on these attitudes, if in fact they existed?

Thanks,
Rob

2

Study Sees an Obama Effect as Lifting Black Test-Takers
from the NY Times in 2009. At the time of the writing, the study hadn’t yet undergone peer review, so I’m not sure what the final details are, but I remember finding that interesting when I first heard about it.

3

The problem is that kids below a certain age don’t appreciate the unique context of his presidency. Perhaps their parents and grandparents can affect some change.