I saw it when I was little and I think it dates from the '60s. It’s set in Victorian Britain. The astronaut’s equipment includes chloroform in case he has to use it on any Moon creatures, but the villains chloroform the astronaut and steals the rocket. The rocket never gets anywhere near the Moon – somehow it winds up in Russia, and at the end we see the villains and a crowd of peasants dragging it along to the Volga Boatmen Song.
How about 1967’s Rocket to the Moon, which is one of those Terry-Thomas all-star “madcap romp” films from the sixties, based on a Jules Verne novel? It has Russian spies, Queen Victoria, and a hypothesis that if they meet any aliens on the Moon, they’ll use chloroform.
Here’s a review (not a positive one!) from a user comment on IMDB:
Awesome. I remember seeing These Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (another one of those cheese-fests of that era) and hating it. But in general, Terry-Thomas and crew are very funny, so maybe this was a better film. Do you remember liking it?
It was GREAT, but only to those early-aviation enthusiasts who saw that they had made every effort to portray real aircraft of the era. Rocket to the Moon simply blew.