Puzzling. I’ve encountered it as a more general term more often, IMHO. What about Fascist? Is that limited to the 1920s - 1940s as well? I think there’s a stronger case for that, though it doesn’t convince me.
NYT, March 17, 2024: “Many people in Latvia view the Russian-speaking minority as a fifth column for the Kremlin.”
NYT, 2002: “October 20-26: INTERNATIONAL; FIFTH COLUMN FEARS” (“A lieutenant colonel in the Israeli army was arrested on suspicion of spying for the Lebanese guerrilla group Hezbollah in return for drugs.”)
NYT, Sep 5, 1942 headline: “BRAZIL’S FIFTH COLUMN”.
Comment: Of the WWII era, but far away from Spain. This indicates a more general definition.
NYT, June 2, 1952 editorial “THE FIFTH COLUMNS”. (" Editorial on USSR use of Fifth Column technique")
WAPO, March 30, 2022: " Putin’s warning about Russian ‘fifth columns’ has a long, sordid lineage: He is suggesting that anyone with a Western lifestyle could be a traitor"
Recently, as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine entered its fourth week, Russian President Vladimir Putin accused the West of seeking “to provoke civil unrest in Russia and use its fifth column in an attempt to achieve this goal.”
WAPO, 1982 column about WWII and Japanese Internment. Note definition that follows:
A week after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox returned from an inspection tour of Hawaii and told a shaken nation that “the most effective fifth-column work of the entire war” had aided the surprise attack.
Using a term Americans associated with disloyalty, subversion and collaboration with the enemy, Knox blamed it on those of Japanese ancestry living in Hawaii.
George Will, July 14, 2023:
During Spain’s civil war, a rebel general boasted that he had four columns marching on Madrid and “a fifth column” in Madrid, meaning supporters of the army’s insurgency. Vladimir Putin’s fifth column is not in Kyiv but in the Trump-DeSantis faction of the Republican Party.
These were the first cites that I found at NYT and WAPO. Admittedly, the fact that George Will agrees with me is compelling evidence that I am mistaken. Still, I hope we can sort through the above evidence with a suitably detached frame of mind.
That the MAGA faithful is taking money from Russia to advance their cause is not surprising, utterly horrid, and possibly traitorous. Other than a epithet to throw at them, though, what does it mean to call them a fifth column? Do even 1% of the American public recognize the term? Is it helpful to use the term to understand their behavior more deeply? For that matter, does the term have a meaning in this era? Answers are no, no, and no.
Answers are I dunno, probably not, and resoundingly yes. I agree though that this isn’t the most effective piece of rhetoric. But we’re here to fight ignorance, not develop attack ads for Kamala Harris. The OP asks whether MAGA consists of fifth columnists or useful idiots. The answer is some are one, more are the other, but let’s not count out the awesome power of malign indifference.