I can tell you about:
Virginia Beach, VA (lived there for 12 years)
Raleigh-Durham, NC (live here now)
Cleveland, Ohio (grew up there, go back every year to visit)
Crime rates
In all these areas, it depends on where you go. Virginia Beach is part of a bigger area known as Tidewater or Hampton Roads. Virginia Beach and Chesapeake have the lowest crime rates, while Portsmouth and Newport News are higher. Norfolk is somewhere in the middle. None of them are high-crime rate areas in comparison to other larger cities nationally.
In the Raleigh-Durham area, your group of cities/towns are collectively known as the Triangle. Durham probably has the highest crime rate, while Cary and Chapel Hill are the lowest. Again, they fall under the national average.
In Cleveland, you’ll find lower crime rates in the surrounding suburbs that you will in the city itself. The only place I’d not want to find myself at night would be the near East side, though.
Economy
The best economy will be found in the Triangle area for a software engineer. Hampton Roads is mainly a military area, so if you are not in the military, a civil service employee working for DoD, or working for a military contractor, there’s not much else out there jobwise. There are a lot of military spouses that are essentially a captive audience for employers, and that depresses salaries as well. The best bet for finding a job in that area is to go to USAJobs and see if there are openings for software engineers in that area. That will give you the best shot at a decent salary and benefits.
As tomanddeb said, Cleveland still sports manufacturing jobs, which don’t have all that great a future in this country, I don’t think.
Transportation
In Cleveland and the Hampton Roads areas, you will need a car. Transportation options suck. You can get to downtown Cleveland via the Rapid Transit, but in general you’d probably have to drive to a station to use it.
In the Triangle, if you live in Chapel Hill and want to go to other parts of Chapel Hill or Carrboro, they have free bus system that does a decent job. If you want to go between towns and cities though, you’ll need a car.
Recreation
As far as cultural opportunities go, Cleveland is the best of these three. It has a world class orchestra and art museum, free and/or cheap music events at the Music Settlement, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, science and natural history museums, etc. Blossom Music Center is a beautiful outdoor amphitheater about 25 miles south of Cleveland that is the summer home of the orchestra, and they also have pop and rock concerts there. There is also major-league baseball, football and basketball, all with very nice recently-built stadiums. The zoo is very nice too.
The Triangle is next on the list with culture and recreation. There’s lots of stuff presented by the various universities here - plays, concerts, etc., plus Raleigh has some museums and there’s community theater and art film theaters as well. Since the weather is warmer for longer, there’s also ample opportunities for hiking, biking, and you are only a couple hours away from the mountains to the west and the ocean to the east. There is only one major-league team - the Hurricanes hockey team, but if you like college sports, there’s lots of that, and this time of year you’ve got the March Madness in full swing - that’s pretty much the topic du jour around here.
We’ve also got a nice stadium in Durham for the Bulls, the minor-league baseball team. Seats are cheap and the games are fun.
Virginia Beach doesn’t really have culture. There’s some in Norfolk - they’ve got an orchestra, a nice museum and a minor-league team, the Tides. The beach area is touristy and very crowded during the summer months. It’s nicer to go down there after Labor Day when the weather is still nice and the crowds have thinned out. They do have nice public recreation facilities though and you can do outdoor activities for most of the year since it hardly snows there.
Aesthetics
Out of these three areas, I’d say the Triangle is the prettiest. There’s still a lot of rural/agricultural land and I really like the area I live in. Cleveland has the Metroparks system (aka the Emerald Necklace), which is also very nice. I grew up next to one segment of the park, and back then as kids we’d go down to the park and spend practically all day down there. The Triangle is also the hilliest area - Virginia Beach and Cleveland are pretty flat, though there are some small valleys in the Cleveland area. There is more old construction in Cleveland, of course, and if it’s well maintained, it’s interesting and nice. If not, it’s an eyesore. You will have a lot more sunny days in NC and VA than you will in Cleveland and a lot less snow.