What kind of critter used to be around this bone?

Well, as I said earlier, I was not being too serious, and I’m kind of disappointed that no one has shown up with a picture of a deer neck bone yet. I actually found pictures of a couple examples, but I have no way to scan them; sorry. They’re on pp. 150-151 of Vertebrate Fossils: A Neophyte’s Guide by Frank A. Kocsis Jr, for those playing along at home. Frank’s examples are from the Pleistocene, but they look to be a reasonable match to my untutored eye. However they both only measure 3’’ wide. On the other hand, the atlas of the modern bison (which I assume, without any real attempt to check, is closer in proportion to modern domestic cattle) is 8’’ wide, so it seems like a deer might be the better guess after all.

On preview, I see astro managed to scare up some deer neck photos! Bravo! On the other hand, that was apparently an 8-month old deer whose atlas was deformed to begin with, so some variation is perhaps to be expected.

Anyhoo, the real issue here is why modern taxonomy continues to dance around the issue of people being fish. Look at you, using carefully parsed evasions like “fishlike vertebrates.” Yet earlier you had no trouble conceding that “we are Osteichthyes,” and you also defined Osteichthyes as “bony fish…” immediately after assuring us that taxonomists don’t recognize the term “fish.”

I’m sorry, “bony” what? I didn’t quite catch that, could you repeat it a bit louder, without the parentheses? You say we Osteichthyes are “bony,” I got that… but “bony” what? What else are we besides bony?

Say it. Say you’re a fish.

SAY IT.

It makes me uncomfortable? I’m not the one running away from the logical conclusion here. Or should I say “swimming?”

And I think you’re overstating the obscurity of Linnaean taxonomy. Every kid knows that whales aren’t fish; that’s because Linnaeus could give them a list of distinct characteristics explaining why they aren’t fish. Go out and ask a 10-year old whether a whale is a fish or not. But now whales are fish again… Opps, “bony fish.” Only modern taxonomy has no interest in explaining why whales are bony fish, or even admitting that whales are fish. Instead they prefer to claim that fish don’t exist.

So I’m mostly sad for that little kid who just won a goldfish at the state fair, and who might have run up to a taxonomist to show it off, as kids often do. “Look what I got!” he would cry, face alight with pride and wonder, holding up the little bowl. “What kind of fish is this?” And the Linnaean taxonomist would kneel down and tell the child about goldfish, and explain their domestication from Asian carp, and point out the features that show how that child’s humble goldfish is related to the mighty shark, and how more distant relatives evolved new features to become frogs, and reptiles, and even people. And the child would look at that goldfish with new eyes, and his wondering mind would be opened to a life appreciating all the interconnected intricacy and mystery of nature.

But no longer. Now that big-eyed kid runs up to you, and asks you to tell him what fish it is, and you look at him with stern contempt and declare: “There is no fish.”

And that kid’s huge puppy eyes fill with confusion and hurt and tears, and he runs away in shame, having learned never to trust again. And that memory festers into a phobia of sharing experiences; he becomes bitter and introverted, unwilling to acknowledge doubt; scornful and contemptuous of those around them.

And when he hits college, he eventually gravitates to taxonomy, so it all works out after all. And he spends the rest of his life terrorizing children: “Say, what’s your favorite fish? WRONG! There ARE no fish! What’s the difference between birds and reptiles? WRONG! Trick question! Go get me the belt.”

[QUOTE=twickster;10794259
RNATB – not really. Lots of woods, but its a rural/exurban area – about an hour north of Philadelphia.[/QUOTE]

So brown bear could be considered.

As Terrifel noted in the middle of that brilliant rant, the cite involves one from a fawn with “issues” – plus I don’t see an indication of the size. (Will admit I didn’t read carefully, though.)

Shall I take some more pix? I didn’t realize how blurry the first set was till I was looking at them on the computer.

I don’t think so. “An hour from Philly” isn’t all that far. This is up in Bucks County, about ten minutes north of Doylestown, for those who know the area – previously mostly farmland, with some additional development before the recent changes in the housing market. AFAIK, no bears – the patches of forest aren’t dense or substantial enough to support them, I don’t think. Of course, I don’t live up there – this is near where I used to work.

You’re the one who started nitpicking over an offhand comment about birds being reptiles. I’m not dancing around about anything; you persist in deliberately misconstruing what I said. “Fish,” without a modifier, is not a clade; it is a paraphyletic group. When I brought up Osteichthyes I should have mentioned it is a traditional group like reptiles, and also paraphyletic when tetrapods are excluded. It would not be recognized by cladistic taxonomists, so they would not recognize “bony fish” either, any more than reptiles or fish. Now you could recognize a clade called Osteichthyes (and many taxonomists do) that does include tetrapods, and in this sense humans are bony fish. If you want to start off with hagfish, then all vertebrates are fish.

To be clear, birds are not reptiles in the popular sense, although they are reptiles in a technical sense.

If you insist, humans are not fish in the popular sense, although they are bony fish in a technical sense. All existing vertebrates are fish in the technical sense.

Define fish. What, specifically, is your understanding of what the term means? In what sense do you mean it? If you are using it in a technical sense, what are the defining characteristics of the group?

Are starfish fish? Cuttlefish? Shellfish? Actually, since vertebrates are in the same clade as starfish, I suppose you can say we are starfish.

“Every kid knows” that solely because it has been taught in school for a long time. It is non-intuitive, and does not fit folk taxonomy.

I can also give you a similar list of why birds are reptiles and mammals are not. Birds and traditional reptiles both have a single occipital condyle, while in mammals it’s double (the characteristic that set this whole discussion off), a basic phalangeal formula of 2-3-4-5-3 (though bird have lost the last digit), which is 2-3-3-3-3 in mammals; a single ear ossicle where mammals have three; the same type of jaw articulation; and so on. This may be more obscure than “has hair and feeds its young with milk,” but they are the kinds of characteristics on which classifications are based.

Amusing, perhaps, but just plain silly. Did your eyes really fill with confusion and hurt tears just because I called bird reptiles up above? :wink:

OK, so you don’t like cladistic taxonomy. What system do you propose in its stead? Do you really want to stick with Linnaean taxonomy? Why not Aristotelian?

Actually, this is probably enough of a hijack for this thread. If you really want further discussion of this, I would suggest starting a thread on it in GQ, GD, or, considering that you have such strong feelings on the matter, perhaps the Pit. :slight_smile: I would be happy to discuss it further, but we’ve gotten well off track here.

I dismantle half a dozen or so whitetail deer every year, and that bone is far too large to be a cervid cervical part - at least any locally extant species. Elk were native there historically, but have been extirpated.

And it can’t be a brown bear either, unless someone transported the bone there or one got really lost. You mean black bear - that would be a reasonable conjecture, although I consider it unlikely.

To me, Occam’s razor says cow, or maybe horse, even if the pics don’t look right to us. Just saying. Or the pic has fooled us and it is not really an atlas, although I think Colibri has it right.

Even if a hunter brought home an elk carcass from parts west, he would not bring home the atlas unless he wanted to mount the head, in which case it seems unlikely the bone would end up in the park. Hunters often give the bones to their dogs, but the atlas usually gets left with the head, or at least most of it does.

By massive, I believe he was referring to the actual bulk of the bone, rather than the size. The white-tailed deer vertebra shown is a bit flatter than yours (the one in your picture, that is, not one of the vertebrae in your spine, I mean) and thinner.

I don’t think it’s bovine, either. Here’s an artist’s rendering of a cow vertebra:

Obviously, it’s from a completely different angle, and it’s not the atlas, so it has a body (the body of the atlas vertebra is fused into the axis), but as you can see it’s more like the one from the deer than the one you found.

Here’s one from a horse, and it’s not that either:
http://www.pyrr.net/atlas.jpg

ETA: The fact that a cow atlas is apparently thinner than the one you found implies that yours came from something heavier, or at least thicker-set, than your average bovine. Eek!

Double ETA: I just found a picture of an atlas from an extinct cave bear on eBay, of all places: http://cgi.ebay.com/Genuine-Fossil-extinct-CAVE-BEAR-VERTEBRA-Romania-bone_W0QQitemZ220349493676QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxZ20090123?IMSfp=TL0901231110008r10174
I don’t know how closely related Old and New World bears are, but to my untrained eye it looks vastly more similar than any of the other candidates. Colibri?

Some new pictures would be good. If you can get some side shots as well.

You know, you have me wonderkng now. As I noted, a hunter usually leaves the atlas attached to the skull, so I don’t get a close look at that part that often. And I’m less likely to try to get at the atlas of a large buck, because things are just tougher in there.

Not-too-bright’s astute mention of the thickness compared to a cow makes me think that maybe a buck (which has antlers, and fights with them) might have an inordinantly tough atlas, and larger than that of a doe. The lower vertebrae are not nearly that big, but perhaps the atlas on a large buck widens hugely compared to the rest of the vertebrae. It’s possible, and given the other options being so unlikely…

Could be worse. Could have been taken down by a roil of smurfs.

Reason #too-many-to-count why I love the Dope: in a thread about identifying critter remains, we’ve got a naturalist (or two?), a couple of hunters, and lots of people with the Google-fu (including me- I know plenty about human anatomy, but next to nothing about identifying animal remains).

In humans at least, the atlas is the narrowest of the upper vertebrae. They widen as you move down toward the lumbar region (and then narrow again from T4-ish down). I can’t really find any good pictures of an entire deer spine, but it looks as though theirs are the same.

OTOH, that may be unique to humans, since the lower each of our vertebrae are, the more weight they bear, which presumably isn’t the case in quadrupeds.

That would probably help, especially if taken from various angles. However, the main problem I am having is the lack of decent reference images of candidate species on Google.

Also, it looks to me that the first image is of a bone 3" across, while the other three seem to be almost 4" across. Are they really the same bone? From what angle was the first taken?

Maybe. However, here’s a photo of a black bear skeleton. The atlas is at the left end of the upper row of vertebrae. It doesn’t look quite right either.

It is the distal end of a femur or maybe humerous.
It is from a young animal before the epipheseal plates have ossified.

I’d guess young cow, but I’m no professional.

It’s definitely an atlas. You can clearly see the neural canal in the other images.

I initially thought the first image was the distal end of a femur. However, the other three images are not. I’m having trouble reconciling the first image with the other three.

I didn’t see the other pictures…It’s NOT the distal end of a femur.

More pix. (To save those of tender sensibilities, I’m giving the bone its own album.)

The first three are the bone – and yes, Colibri, it is a single bone – rotating around an east-west axis. The next four are it rotating around a north-south axis, convex side up. (I’ll have to do the concave-side-up series again, because my little point-and-shoot can only get so close and stay in focus, sorry.) The last shot is trying to show it edge on.

Hope these help – I truly appreciate everyone’s efforts!

I pullled out an atlas bone I have from a Rottweiler dog. While the dog atlas is about the right size, it’s a very different shape and similar to this atlas from a lion: http://www.skullsunlimited.com/graphics/lq-525a-lg.jpg

Here is an image of horse cervical vertebrae including an atlas, but it doesn’t seem to match: http://www.skullsunlimited.com/graphics/lq-602-lg.jpg

The other obvious candidates that haven’t been mentioned are sheep or pig.
Here’s the only image I could find of a sheep atlas: http://www.aps.uoguelph.ca/ANSC*2340/LABS/LAB8.1.html

Actually, I think it is a horse atlas. The bone is without doubt a cervical vertebrae as it has transverse foramen (holes you see in #3) you don’t see those on other thoracic or lumbar vertebrae. It is a well weathered bone, you can see evidence on the bottom of picture 1. However there is no indication that any of the spinous process has worn away and a small spinous process indicates it is closer to the cranium.

Now compare our mystery bone to the atlas in your picture. The overall shape is very similar with picture #1 being in the same orientation and siding as the atlas in your pic. The transverse processes (“wings” on the out side) both extend past the body before curving back in. You can see part of the articular facet on the right hand side of pict #1 but weathering has destroyed the rest. Your pic shows faceting in the same location. As we work our way towards the top of the picture, we see two foramen at the base of the transverse processes on your picture that aren’t there on the mystery bone. If you look closely at the left side, you can see jagged edges around the foramen, which indicates that it is not a real foramen, but a thin section of bone that was broken, or never fully grew in (right hand side). You’ll see human shoulder blades like that where the bone is very thin or not developed in a location. That happens in locations where muscle isn’t attached so the bones don’t have to develop as much to be an anchor. The differences there could indicate the type of life the animal led. The Mystery bone is fairly robust compared to the stock picture which could indicate an animal that performed a lot of labor. As we continue up you’ll see two foramen that are present on both bones, though there is some ossification of the foramen on the mystery bone which divides them into two channels. But the location is the same on both bones. At the top you’ll see two more articular facets present on both bones, with the transverse processes making an inward curve towards them.

Granted I’ve only worked with human bones, but those two do appear to match up very closely.

Twickster - I think you do have a horse atlas. Maybe you found where they buried Mr. Ed after he talked. :smiley:

My BIL lives north of there, asked him about this last night. He didn’t think it in the least unusual for black bear to be south of the Blue Mountain.
They occasionally show up further south and west, in Chester, Berks and Lancaster counties, so perhaps they’re still contenders.