Whether the members of the modern NOI are Muslims or not is debatable, but only just. Personally I use three loose criteria to classify people as to whether they are members of a particular faith or not. In rough order of the importance I assign them, they are:
- Do they label themselves as belonging to a particular faith?
I do consider this self-identification as being the single most impotant criteria. The NOI in fact passes this test.
2)Do they observe what can be considered to be the core beliefs of this faith?
This comes second, but is still significant. By this criteria the NOI do not pass as Islamic. The rejection of the universality of Islam is problematic, but if that is all there for most it would probably just be enough to label them as a rather heterodox sect. After all, many early Muslims rejected universality as well ( though in that case they regarded Islam as an ethnically Arab religion ) - It wasn’t definitively established until the Abbasid coup in 749. However far more damaging is the veneration of Elijah Muhammed as a prophet which absolutely contradicts the core Muslim doctrine that Muhammed is the final prophet.
3)Do other “mainstream” members of that faith regard them as being legitimate members of that faith?
For me this is the least important criteria, because religious bigotry is so widespread. Nonetheless it is a valid indicator when taken with other evidence. Here the NOI mostly fails again. Most Muslims seem to regard the current NOI as being borderline or outright heretical for some of the reasons mentioned here and in that GD thread. As I mentioned in GD, this probably isn’t universal - Given the broad range of personal philosophies in the Islamic world one could almost certainly find some “mainstream” Muslims that agree that the NOI are in fact Muslim. However the consensus view appears to be that they really aren’t.
My conclusion? Despite their self-identification, I’d be inclined to regard the NOI as an offshoot religion like the Druze.
Now let’s take a couple of other sects and one individual and compare them by the same criteria -
Baha’i:
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They fail on point number one - Most Baha’i do NOT consider themselves Muslims. This almost ends the argument right here, but to continue…
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They fail on point number two - Baha’i regard the Qur’an to have been superceded by newer revelations, an absolutely heretical view in Islam.
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They mostly fail on point number three - There is a difference of opinion among Muslim “clergy” as to whether they represent a separate, legitimate faith or are in fact merely apostates.
My view? They are a separate faith, as they claim.
Alawite:
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They pass on criteria number one - They consider themselves Muslim.
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They mostly pass on criteria number two, with caveats - They recognize 7, rather than five pillars in Islam and they consider those pillars symbolic rather than duties. That’s a sticky point. And they are to some extent a syncretic sect, incorporating elements of different faiths in their rituals, observances, and beliefs ( including reincarnation and belief in a ‘trinity’ ). However they do recognize those original five pillars and the two they add ( jihad and defense of Ali ) are not incompatible with Islamic doctrine.
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They have a very mixed record on point number three - Sunni beliefs have often labeled them as heretics ( especially that font of medieval fundamentalism, Ibn Taymiyya, whose philosophy underlies modern fundamentalist sects like the Wahhabi and Deobandi ). However some mainstream Shi’ite leaders have accepted tham as legitimate Shi’ites.
My view? They pass enough criteria to be labeled a very heterodox sect of Islam.
Osama bin Laden as an individual:
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He passes on criteria number one, obviously enough.
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He passes, mostly, on criteria number two - When folks have claimed that ObL is not a Muslim it is because he violates certain Islamic commands, most notably the prohibition on the slaughter of innocents. However in this case I would regard that as a “No True Scotsman” argument. Why? Because a) he gives tortured ( and to most, unconvincing ) legalistic justifications for his actions against civilians, rather than directly rejecting the command not to harm innocents and b) he demonstrably observes the core beliefs of Islam, however twisted his sub-views may be.
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With the exception of a few that use the argument above, most Muslims regard ObL as a Muslim. A horribly misguided Muslim, yes. A bad Muslim, yes. But a Muslim nonetheless.
One could do the same breakdown for other sects as well, like trying to figure out whether Aum Shinrykyo can be considered a Buddhist sect or whether the Christian Identity Movement is actually Christian. But I trust my argument is cogent enough based on the above examples.