As someone who is just like me. I tend to notice “the quiet one” in groups like that, and will try to help you (generic “you”) finish a thought. For example, in the situation where your comment was derailed, but at least you got a comment out but the conversation went on without you? I would have tried to draw attention back to your comment – even if that meant interrupting the dirty jokes to ask you a serious open-ended question meant to give you the floor for a minute. I’m also very sensitive to other people’s nonverbal cues and might have noticed you were uncomfortable with the dirty jokes and not a drinker, so I’d try asking you questions to draw you out and bring some of your interests into the conversation. I try to help the quiet one because I can be like that sometimes and know exactly how that situation feels.
I do not perceive that you are uppity or stuckup or mean in any way. I will also respect your right to be an introvert and not think negatively of you if you chose not to participate in the group social outings. Happy hours & dinners with co-workers is not for everyone and I don’t think anyone should get politically dinged in the office for not being the clever social networker of the bunch.
I’m introverted myself and will not uncommonly be seen as the quiet one at larger gatherings and parties. As an introvert, those sorts of things require a lot of energy from me and I will often be more of an observer, but it doesn’t mean I’m not enjoying myself. Sometimes the extroverts will come over to me and say “you should interact more, have some fun.” but it’s simply a matter of that those who are extroverted just don’t really get an introverted minset in that situation any more than an introvert understands why extroverts think that is fun.
But for me, it all depends, in a group, there’s going to be some conversations that I’m just not going to be interested in engaging in. Spend time talking about beer or some random show on TV I don’t watch, I’m not just going to jump in for the sake of participating, but if it drifts onto a topic I am interested in, like music, I’ll hop in there. Instead, I’ll usually drift around and see if there’s any conversations I’m interested in, join in if I find one I like, or just people watch if I don’t.
In a situation more like what the OP mentions, it doesn’t sound so much like it’s an issue with being introverted as just not having anything in common with the people that the OP is socializing with. Put me in a room with 20 people yapping about beer, random TV shows, pop music, whatever… I very well may not say a word. Put in in a room with 20 people talking about music I like, intellectual topics like philosophy, politics, religion, science, or whatever… and I can very easily engage with them. It’s no surprise, particularly for an introvert, that the OP isn’t really going to socialize well with people who are in relationships, drinking beer, and telling dirty jokes when none of that stuff is anything she can relate to.