What is the origin of 'Hump Day'?

Definitely earlier than the 1980s. Google Books is an awkward place to search, since it often dates periodicals by the first issue in their records, but a few hits seem to be solid.

The hard hat girl, power engineer: a novel - Page 84

McCulloch Byers - 1976 - Snippet view
Well, with less than a half hour left now, it looked as though she might pull through her third day in fairly good shape. The third time’s a charm, they say; and today must be the normal, “routine”, office day, — Wednesday, — “hump day” — over …

California: The New Society - Page 2

Remi A. Nadeau - 1974 - Snippet view - More editions
In the average California office, Wednesday is “hump day”— you’re over the hump. By Friday, you’re mentally already on the weekend. Friday night the going-home traffic is clogged not only with commuters, but with house trailers, campers, …

Texas Monthly - Jun 1974 - Page 117

Vol. 2, No. 6 - Magazine - Full view
Weekdays: 11:30-2, 5:30-11. :30. Weekends: 5:30-midnight. Moderate. Jaxon’s, 508 N. Stanton (532-0950). Homemade soups, salads and sandwiches. An afterwork “in” spot, the court is packed for Over the Hump Day (Wed) and T.G.I.F. Bar.

Current Slang - Volumes 2-5

1967 - Snippet view - More editions
The middle of the week, “hump day.” 1, 3. , v. To act (command to get busy) . Humus , adj. Admirable or beautiful, “tough” or “cool.” Hurt , adj. Of limited sophistication (applied by those of limited sophistication. —I, 1. . . The remainder of the …

Proceedings, Annual Great Lakes Park Institute - Issue 21 - Page 85

1967 - Snippet view - More editions
This is Thursday; over- the -hump day in your Institute. You have had three busy days and evenings. You are now reaching the time when you do not wish to listen to a long dissertation on the history of the preservation movement - - it goes …

An introduction to school administration: selected readings - Page 30

Mervin Chester Nolte - 1966 - Snippet view - More editions
THE SON OF A MEMBER OF THE SCHOOL BOARD Terrel Howard Bell One morning, after the third week of school had passed the mark that the teachers called “hump day,” or Wednesday, a very small boy came to school. He registered in …

California: the new society - Page 2

Remi A. Nadeau - 1963 - Snippet view - More editions
In the average California office, Wednesday is “hump day”— you’re over the hump. By Friday, you’re mentally already on the weekend. Friday night the going-home traffic is clogged not only with commuters, but with house trailers, campers, …

As you can see, California: the new society went through multiple editions, so somebody would need to check the actual book to see whether it had the usage from the beginning.