My (ex)brother in law used to talk about a “buddy” that had something, or a “buddy” that knew someone.
I have a “friend” (or friends) that I like being around, that also know things ,and I like being around.
I have “pal and a confidant” as per Andrew Gold’s song, a friend.
I don’t like to use phrases like “Yeah, I got a buddy that…”
I doubt that there are quantitative, consistent differences in how people use those various terms to refer to friends. “Buddy” seems, to me, to suggest a good/close friend, but YMMV.
FWIW, I use the term “friend” regularly, but rarely use “buddy,” and never use “pal.”
A buddy is the person you call when you need help showering after flesh eating viruses are chomping places on your body your Momma don’t need to see.
A friend, you go to lunch with, exchange birthday cards, use as a personal reference.
A confidante is your attorney. (If you want nothing ever, ever revealed). Don’t assume your BFF won’t give up your secrets with surprisingly little encouragement.
So with “buddy”, “bud”, and “pal” ruled out, and “mate” ruled out on this side of the pond, it seems that “friend” is all we have left. “Confidante” sounds like something that should only be applied to an old lady on the receiving end of some juicy gossip being relayed over the phone by another old lady. In a television sitcom, this conversation would be relayed over a party line and overheard by a third party.
In the Shenandoah Valley, people use buddy the way others might use the word dude. The guy at the hardware store might say “ you need help loading that mulch in your truck, buddy?” Or someone might say “your tailight is out buddy.”
“Pal” seems like such a quintessentially American word, so it was surprising to me to learn that it has a rather exotic origin: it derives from a Romani word, which ultimately derives from Sanskrit. It was first used in English in the eighteenth century, in England, not America.