Tau’ri, humans from Earth, rediscovered the Stargate in the early 90’s. It was left alone until one of the Baddies from the original series (SG-1) came back and that started the Pilot of that series.
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[li]Do we know anything about how they work?[/li][/Quote]
There’s some conflicting information but basically, “They create a stable wormhole and demolecularize you and send you to the destination.”
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[li]What are these “chevrons” that people keep mentioning?[/li][/Quote]
Chevrons are symbols, they denote part of a stargates “address.”
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[li]What does it mean to “dial up Earth” or some other destination?[/li][/Quote]
Put in that stargates “Address”
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[li]How much power do the gates require? Was the Icarus base for some unusual experiments with the gates?[/li][/Quote]
The gates normally have a self contained power supply in the DHD (Dial Home Device, so far not seen in Stargate Universe – Present in both Atlantis and SG-1, the Pegasus and Milky Way galaxies respectively).
More power is required to gate to a stargate outside of your own Galaxy (which is why it was necessary to use a ZPM, or Zero Point Module – a special power source – to dial Atlantis).
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[li]Why was Icarus destroyed? Who did it? What was their gripe with the humans? Clearly, the base was fortified – why did they set up a base there if it needed such fortification?[/li][/Quote]
Where isn’t a factor, with hyperdrive engines.
Who did it, so far from what we’ve seen on screen, the Lucian Alliance, they’re mentioned in Stargate SG-1 as a criminal organization. They have no gripe with humans, they are human.
Their gripe is with the Tau’ri, the Humans of Earth. Why? Because we’re technologically superior, morally superior, and we get in the way of their profits and drug dealing – think of the Lucian Alliance as a super powerful criminal & Drug cartel and the Tau’ri as the United States, since the US leads the Stargate Program.
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[li]I get that they gated to Destiny by using the Icarus base’s superior power supply. However, why can’t they gate back to Earth? There seems to be a trail of gates behind them. Why can’t they just jump to a gate within range of Destiny, then jump to a gate in range of that gate, and so on, leapfrogging all the way home?[/li][/Quote]
They’re in an entirely different galaxy, in a different part of the Universe. They lack sufficient power.
The Power required to gate from one galaxy to another is enormous. More than Tau’ri (or anyone, for that matter) are typically capable of generating.
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[li]How do the communication stones work?[/li][/Quote]
The same way Hyperspace works – FOR THE PLOT!
They replace you and the person your talking with’s personality. This was a technology discovered in the original series, it’s an ancient technology that we couldn’t get right the first few times.
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[li]Were these made by the same “Ancients” that built the gates? Were they discovered around the same time?[/li][/Quote]
They were made around the same time, but when they were discovered isn’t exactly specified – that I remember. Most of the ancient artifacts we find look like really old artifacts you’d find laying around earth. Ancients liked to build from stone, apparently. And they built to last.
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[li]Does the headquarters (SG1?) have a crew that simply mans the stones much like switchboard operators?[/li][/Quote]
They have someone standing by, probably at predetermined times, to make the jump. Headquarters is Stargate Command, based in Cheyanne mountain.
SG-1 is the Flagship Team. Stargate-team 1.
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[li]In the most recent episode very minor spoiler how did the stones know to put Chloe in the girl’s body, Eli in the skinny dude, and Col. Young in Col. Telford’s body? Do they somehow detect a user’s sex and rank? What if a female officer uses the stones while an enlisted man is minding the switchboard?[/li][/Quote]
It’s a TV show. Deal with it. 
[quote=“Drum_God, post:1, topic:517010”]
No they do not.
Anytime.